A Review of Human-Computer Interaction Design Approaches towards Information Systems Development

: Nowadays modern information systems (emerging technologies) are increasingly becoming an integral part of our daily lives and has begun to pose a serious challenge for human-computer interaction (HCI) professionals, as emerging technologies in the area of mobile and cloud computing, and internet of things (IoT), are calling for more devotion from HCI experts in terms of systems interface design. As the number of mobile platforms users, nowadays comprises of children’s, elderly people, and people with disabilities or disorders, all demanding for an effective user interface that can meet their diverse needs, even on the move, at anytime and anywhere. This paper, review current articles (43) related to HCI interface design approaches to modern information systems design with the aim of identifying and determining the effectiveness of these methods. The study found that the current HCI design approaches were based on desktop paradigm which falls short of providing location-based services to mobile platforms users. The study also discovered that almost all the current interface design standard used by HCI experts for the design of user’s interface were not effective & supportive of emerging technologies due to the flexibility nature of these technologies. Based on the review findings, the study suggested the combination of Human-centred design with agile methodologies for interface design, and call on future works to use qualitative or quantitative approach to further investigate HCI methods of interface design with much emphasis on cloud-based technologies and other organizational information systems.


Introduction
Nowadays, there is a considerable growing interest in the area of Information Technologies (IT), (Bertola & Smith, 2019). as new technologies or in other word emerging technologies continues to affect how peoples carry out their day-today activities (Zotti & Neubauer, 2019). how organizations change their mode of operations (Loizides et al., 2019). using modern information systems platforms such as crowdsourcing platform (van Roy & Zaman, 2019). to gain competitive advantage over others (Matallaoui, Koivisto, Hamari, & Zarnekow, 2017). get user feedback (Yang, Ye, & Feng, 2020). measure the performance of new products or services (Sailer, Hense, Mayr, & Mandl, 2017). and encourage workers engagement through the use of gamification systems (Schöbel et al., 2020). There are so much debates among academic researchers and other fields of human endeavours concerning the effects of these technologies (Šumak, Špindler, Debeljak, Heričko, & Pušnik, 2019). Literature Rotolo, Hicks, and Martin (2015). showed that, an "increasing attention has being paid to the phenomenon of these emerging technologies (Joung & Kim, 2017).
Since the emergence of Human-computer interaction (HCI), there are so many debates among scholars as to which field does it belong to?, either engineering, computer science, psychology, sociology, communication or ergonomy (Jeon, Fiebrink, Edmonds, & Herath, 2019). but Tosi (2020). stressed that "human-computer interaction" encompasses all fields of human endeavours as it's concern with the evaluation, design and implementation of an interactive computing systems (Kocsis, 2019). The major aim of HCI as a field of study is the design and implementation of an effective user interface (Punchoojit & Hongwarittorrn, 2017). because effective user interface improve information systems performance (Nishant, Srivastava, & Bahli, 2020).
However, emerging technologies such as "cloud computing and/or virtualization technologies" has begun to shape & transform how businesses are conducted across the globe (Grenci & Hull, 2020). Virtualization include but not limited to the creation of virtual resources such as "servers, computer hardware platforms, file storage, network systems & operating systems". It reduces organizational cost and helps improves services/products quality via enhance systems performance (Hoxmeier & Lenk, 2020). These technologies provide a great challenge to HCI practitioners [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. as designing and integrating an effective user interface that satisfy different individual needs requires better understanding of different information systems, for different disciplines (Kim & Choi, 2020). March, 2021 Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Volume 12, Issue 1 for instance, "sociological contexts, individuals cognitive & physical capabilities, science and engineering, design & graphics, and work environment" as interface become effective only when they are created upon a particular discipline perspectives (Gutiérrez, Htun, Schlenz, Kasimati, & Verbert, 2019). For instance, Nishant et al. (2020). suggested that "virtualization capabilities" influence information systems performance in an organization. Hence, the need to have an effective user interface that can be integrated into information systems design methodologies (Rantala et al., 2020).
In the same vein, as emerging technologies in the areas of cloud computing and virtualization systems are requiring for more from HCI practitioners, so also mobile computing technologies (Islam, Karim, Inan, & Islam, 2020). as mobile platforms nowadays are calling for more effective approach from HCI practitioners [22][23]. to address some of the growing challenges that emerged, "ever since the introduction of mobile devices with touchscreens" instead of those with "keypads" by some corporation e.g., "HTC, LG, & Apple" in 2007 (Punchoojit & Hongwarittorrn, 2017). As more and more people continue to adopt, users begin to requires some technological changes in the areas of "interfaces and interactions design" (Samara, Galway, Bond, & Wang, 2019). as mobile devices with keypads are no longer attractive to generation "y" (younger people), (Šumak et al., 2019). Literatures Joung and Kim (2017). and Islam et al. (2020). have shown that there are over one billion users of modern smartphones in the world, some of whom are children's, (Nishant et al., 2020). elderly people (Righi, Sayago, & Blat, 2017). and users with "disabilities or disorder" (Lin, Xia, Wang, Tian, & Song, 2016). Although mobile devices are "becoming indispensable in our day-today activities" (H.-C. Hsu, Chang, Chen, & Wu, 2020). a standard design approach for mobile user's interface does not exist (Grenci & Hull, 2020). Simply, because most the design approach used by HCI practitioners are based on "desktop paradigm" in nature (Jeon et al., 2019). Similarly, Tosi (2020). and H.-C. . stressed that there are some differences between "desktop and mobile devices" such as "visual attention", "tactile feedback", (Grenci & Hull, 2020). "screen sizes" (Islam et al., 2020). Apart from contexts and "physical qualities difference" mobile devices also differs from desktop computers in the sense that they can be use anywhere, anytime even while users are on the move (Bertola & Smith, 2019). Therefore, desktop paradigm does not fully address "mobile contexts" (Islam et al., 2020).
Internet of Things (IoT) is another emerging technologies that provide a greater challenge to HCI professionals (Dziak, Jachimczyk, & Kulesza, 2017). as they are now being face with the challenges of designing an interface that works compactible with modern information systems for both "indoor and outdoor" use (Righi et al., 2017). Nowadays, people's with disability or elderly people's with health issues requires an autonomous information systems, which can sense "people's position", "vital signs" (Ahmad, Riaz, & Hussain, 2011). and has the capability to differentiate between several situations (Dziak et al., 2017). and different activities (Zotti & Neubauer, 2019). and responds accordingly to the "degree of danger and alarms", via appropriate actions or cares [17][18][19]. Similarly, information systems such as Decision Support Systems (DSSs) are increasingly used in agriculture (Gutiérrez et al., 2019). as nowadays, Decision Support Systems are designed with virtualization technologies (Rotolo et al., 2015), in order to assist agricultural stakeholders in making decisions that are effective (Gandhi, Petkar, & Armstrong, 2016).
Literature , He, Parra, and Verbert (2016). and E. Han et al. (2019). have shown that participants in agricultural field such as agriculturalists, policymakers & consultants now requires more farming software tools to ease farming process (Lundström & Lindblom, 2018). via Big Data applications which will allows them to get data from different source, in different format, (Lin et al., 2016). in large volume (Machwitz, Hass, Junk, Udelhoven, & Schlerf, 2019). and analysing these data in order to get some suggestions via pictorial outputs (Van Hertem et al., 2017). Nowadays, integrating picturing approach to information systems design e.g., DSSs can provide farmers and other stakeholders in agricultural industry the opportunity to interact with one another (Van Hertem et al., 2017). and understand inflow of data via collecting, clarifying, probing or otherwise with the view of obtaining relevant information (Gutiérrez et al., 2019). However, the effort of HCI to address these challenges is not sufficient enough (E. Han et al., 2019). Despite the potential benefits of emerging technologies such as Internet of Things applications e.g., Health-based information systems (Dziak et al., 2017). Big data applications e.g., virtualization competences (Nishant et al., 2020). mobile technologies, game and gamification systems in education & marketing (Jeon et al., 2019). and calls by some current research works for the design of an effective user interface for these emerging technologies, from HCI specialists. Although, the prior studies have been beneficial to investigate evolving technologies. However, these studies have some limitations, as the previous works fail to examined the various HCI, UI design approaches to information systems development and comment on the effectiveness or otherwise of these approaches in relation to modern information systems development (i.e., March, 2021 Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Volume 12, Issue 1 emerging technologies). Therefore, this study will investigate the present methods of user interface (UI) design employed by HCI professionals from existing literatures. In order to achieve the study objective, the following research questions were asked; i) what are the HCI design approaches to information systems development, ii) are the HCI design approaches effective for user interface design, iii) do the present HCI design approaches support modern information systems development?

Literature review
In the following sections, the study will give details analysis of the reviewed works related to information systems design and human-computer interaction design approaches by synthesising the previous works.

Information Systems Design
Nowadays, systems design in the context of emerging information and communication technologies is very challenging (Chepken, 2016). It requires negotiations between systems designers and users in order to ensure users requirements are met (Crişan, 2017). and certain level of satisfactions are also met (Day, Humphrey, & Cockcroft, 2017). in terms of interface functionality, flexibility and usability. The tasks of systems design is getting more complex with the emergence of new technologies in the areas of mobile and cloud based technologies (Islam et al., 2020). as these new technologies provide opportunities for elderly peoples (Punchoojit & Hongwarittorrn, 2017). and peoples with disabilities to experience and enjoy the benefits provided by these emerging technologies (Rotolo et al., 2015).
Furthermore, organizations are also requesting for more flexible, and interactive user interface in order to meet up with the growing demands of individuals (Al Mahdi, Naidu, & Kurian, 2019). Similarly, Chepken (2016). also stressed the needs to place the Information Systems design procedures in the wider context of the user. Similarly, Gonçalves, Oliveira, and Kolski (2018). in their work argued that for organizations to derive the maximum benefits of investment on the design and deployment of modern information systems, then employees needs must be considered as they are the ones that uses these systems first (Al Mahdi et al., 2019). and encourage other users to use it too (Kocsis, 2019). Therefore, the need for teamwork among "employees, managers, information technology professionals, HCI professionals" (Bertola & Smith, 2019), in order to achieve effective user interface design.
Another area of emerging technologies that is asking for more devotion from "human-computer interaction practitioners" in terms of effective user interface design are "mobile platforms" (Punchoojit & Hongwarittorrn, 2017). as mobile devices nowadays, comes with diverse functionalities & features (He et al., 2016). with different applications that requires different "user interface and interaction design" (Rantala et al., 2020). Research have shown that, there are over a billion of "smartphone" operators across the globe, comprising of "elderly peoples, children's and people disabilities" (Punchoojit & Hongwarittorrn, 2017). Despite, the widespread of mobile smartphones among peoples of the world, and the increasing important of mobile platforms in our day-today activities (Lin et al., 2016). factual standard for "mobile users interface designs outlines does not exist (Righi et al., 2017). This is because, majority of the "designs pattern" are based on the standard established for desktop design (Punchoojit & Hongwarittorrn, 2017).
Desktop design procedures may be valid, but there are some noteworthy variances between "modern smartphones and desktops" (Gottschalk, 2020). which include but not limited to "lack of tangible feedback, limited screen extent, and high demands of pictorial care" (Nishant et al., 2020). In addition to variances in physical potentials, between the two, mobile technologies allows individuals usage anywhere, anytime or even while "users are on the move" (Punchoojit & Hongwarittorrn, 2017).

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
Human-computer interaction is defined as a discipline concern with the "evaluation, design and implementation" of an effective computing systems (Tosi, 2020). it's considered by many (Y.-C. Hsu & Nourbakhsh, 2020). as an integral part of "man-machine systems", HCI is the most important activity in the design process of any form of computer systems (Kocsis, 2019). whose presence is not only about the job itself, but also to realize a shared communication (Jeon et al., 2019). and create a common platform between "users and machines" (Gutiérrez et al., 2019). in order to understand the actions performed on the machines, e.g., "designing input and output ways of information". The success of any interface design, lies on the interface effectiveness in achieving comprehensive functions of "human and computer systems communication" (Righi et al., 2017). Similarly, Šumak et al. (2019). stressed that an effective user interface is one that achieve a faultless and harmonious interactions between human and computer systems, as this is the only way people mental load can be March, 2021 Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Volume 12, Issue 1 condensed basically and improve their "operational abilities" (Tosi, 2020). Nowadays, users perceived the interface as the system, because the interface is "composed of regulator board consisting of display and organiser, touch screen merged by regulatory and showing, and other software interface" (Samara et al., 2019). that can be used in complicated goods or systems.

HCI Design Approaches
Interaction between "human and computer" is a procedure that involves "entering & extraction" of data and information (Mao, Li, Zhang, & Liang, 2017). via interface designed for that purposes, as peoples input their commands to the system via the interface, while the system will look at the commands and then compute and process, and sends back the results to users through the same interface (Rautaray & Agrawal, 2015). The entering and extraction between peoples and systems nowadays occurred in different ways, e.g., "data communications, number and symbolic interaction, speech interaction and intelligent interactions" etc., (Righi et al., 2017). Furthermore, Tosi (2020). and (Jeon et al., 2019). argued that interface design process for human and computer communications, is broadly categorized into three portions "the interactive design, structure design, and visual design", and the three were further subdivided into sub classes (Pimenta, Carneiro, Neves, & Novais, 2016). For instance, interactive design which focuses on how individuals interact with system can further be divided into "the forms of interactions", and "how the interaction take place" (Y.-C. Hsu & Nourbakhsh, 2020). Similarly, Esposito, Esposito, and Vogel (2015). stressed that "interactive design" must considered the following "peoples orientation, consistency, users operation ability, shortcuts, helps & feedbacks" while designing an interactive interface, because it's the only way that an interface can be effective to users (Shilton, 2018). Again, structure design can further be divided into three "analysis of user needs, task design & purpose of task", (Eide et al., 2016). which are aim at analysing individual's needs, reason for carrying out the task and how the task was design (Jacucci, Spagnolli, Freeman, & Gamberini, 2015).
Finally, "visual design" that has to do with incorporating, "complexion & pictures" is aim at making users happy with the interface (Jacucci et al., 2015). However, study have shown (Gray, 2016). that debate about new approach for the design of modern information systems (emerging technologies) has reached the "HCI discourse" over the last decade, and has repeatedly call for the review of the present methods used in interface design (Jacucci et al., 2015). Nowadays, the standard of HCI interface approaches to emerging technologies has become a topic of discussion among information systems expert with an increasingly consideration to understand HCI approaches to information systems development (Mao et al., 2017). Information systems studies Hoxmeier and Lenk (2020). Gottschalk (2020). Dziak et al. (2017) and Gray (2016). argued that majority of the design approaches presently used by "Human-Computer Interaction" professionals are not functional either due to absence of fit or acknowledgement of how design is experienced in the "real world" (Kumar, Verma, & Prasad, 2012). Similarly, Blandford (2019). stressed that "digital technologies" in the area of health care are posing a greater challenge for HCI professionals, as "we now live in time of change" from healthcare services being distributed by medical experts to an era where individuals are probable to be involved in decision making concerning their health's (Jeon et al., 2019). via new technologies that braced information resources. Hence, the need for new approach to information systems developments. Table 1, gives summary of the reviewed articles. Understanding and interpreting the needs of users in the use of the product/system and the overall quality of the interaction between people and the products/syste ms with which they relate.

Experiment al
That humancentred approach currently used to address UI design problems is not effective enough, as the world is moving from humancentred to userexperience As seen in Table 1, (Punchoojit & Hongwarittorrn, 2017). argued that a true standards design principles for emerging technologies e.g., mobile devices does not exist, and others (Day et al., 2017). emphasized the needs for participatory design, as there are "many stakeholders with different point of view and interest". Similarly, (Righi et al., 2017). stressed that, the assumption of different people having unique needs is no longer effective in terms user interface design. Therefore, HCI professionals should adopt March, 2021 Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Volume 12, Issue 1 241 participatory design approaches to UI design, in order to identify people needs.

Research design
The study is a systematic literature review one as per (Gutiérrez et al., 2019). the study attempts to review prior studies related to humancomputer interactions approaches to information systems development and user interface (UI) design principles.

Databases search.
Having identify the area of our review, then search for related studies begin from some recognize scholarly databases. Four comprehensive databases IEEE Explore, Web of science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink and Google scholar were searched for articles related to the review topic.

Search strategy
The study began the exploration for related works using keywords that best describe the review topic such as "Human-computer interaction approaches", "HCI design paradigm", "user interface (UI) design", "information systems development", "systems design methodologies", "internet of things -IoT", and mobile platforms. A reasonable number of articles were extracted for analysis, as shown in Fig. 1.   Fig. 1. Literature selection process

Selection criteria
As seen Fig.1, searched outcomes from the databases produced (1,747 articles), which were group together and exported to excel for screening. There's no time limit with regards to articles publication period. In the second stage of our selection process, 1,513 articles were excluded after reading their abstracts and titles, as they were found to have no relevance to the study. Furthermore, articles written in other languages, other than English language, with inadequate details on the role of HCI in information systems design, so much emphasis on engineering aspect of HCI, or focused more on information systems activities without considering design problems were also excluded. The remaining articles were included for further screening, after which 84 articles were excluded either due to lack of full access or duplication. Finally, 43 articles were fully read and analyzed in the review.

Result and Discussion
For HCI design approaches to information systems development, the study discovered that despite the emergence of new technologies in the areas of cloud & mobile computing, and IoT ("Internet of Things"), such as mobile platforms, IoT based information systems in healthcare, visualisation systems in Agric sector. The approaches to systems design are almost the same, as in the last two decades, as HCI professionals are still utilizing "structure, visual and interactive" design methods of interface design for emerging technologies that are requiring for more in terms of effective user interface. This result is in line with the findings of (Blandford, 2019), that the noticeable impact of the present HCI design principles in relation to interface for "modern information systems", e.g., healthcare information systems and on the knowledges of medical specialists and users of these systems has been quite limited, as the usability of those interface designed using "collaborative, assembly and graphic designs", (Jeon et al., 2019). never met people's expectations with regards to health systems that are complex.
For effectiveness of HCI design approaches with regards to user interface design, the study discovers that the used of "task design, user needs, systems functionality, consistency design, systems operationality, short cuts, coloured and images design" principles by HCI experts in designing users' interface for mobile platforms and other emerging technologies were not effective, as most of these methods are based on desktop standard of interface design (Islam et al., 2020). where's modern March, 2021 Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Volume 12, Issue 1 243 technologies in cloud and mobile application provide location-based services which allows users to use their systems and/or applications while on the move, i.e., anywhere, anytime. This outcome support the findings of (Punchoojit & Hongwarittorrn, 2017). that nowadays, "mobile technologies" are calling for more devotion from HCI experts, as the number of peoples using mobile apps now is above one billion worldwide, some of whom are ageing individuals, young people, and some with disability challenges, all requiring for more perceptible response from the device than before (Islam et al., 2020). Furthermore, the study also discovered that the used of "usercentred design approach by human-computer interaction" professionals in an attempt to address the problems of interface design in relation to user's requirements and satisfaction is not supportive of modern information systems design [30]. as the world is moving from "user-centred -to-humancentred design, and now to user-experience approach" (Loizides et al., 2019). as the world continues to witness new technologies that change our daily lives. Similarly, this finding is in alignment with the findings of (Tosi, 2020). that "Human-Centred design approach" meant for evaluating and interpreting the excellence level of interaction between individuals and systems by which they interact, should also take not of "User-Experience" in its approach.
Finally, the study recommends the use of "Human-centred approach together with Agile software development", an information systems development methodology with "incremental and iterative process where systems requirements, design, implementation and testing" (Keramati & Mirian-Hosseinabadi, 2008). occurred in all stages of system development. Furthermore, "Agile" methods stress the importance of "people, communication, small release of working software, and responding to changes", as peoples have the opportunity to interact with some aspect of the system before the full design is completed, thus the possibility of making changes to some of the system functionalities & interface will be well accommodated since the method is iterative. Therefore, combining "Human-centred design and agile methods", man help in addressing some design issues and also lead to the design of an effective user interface for modern information systems in other word "emerging technologies" as shown in Fig.2.  Figure 2: Study proposed integrated user-interface design methodology As seen in Fig.2, in the envisioning phase the HCI experts conceived the User Interface (UI) to be design for an information system, after which they comminated it to different group of users comprising of young people, elderly people and people with disabilities for approval. The users will analyze the propose user-interface according their needs and approved with or without adjustments and return it to HCI expert for UI planning, which must also be approved by users. Having getting approval from users, the HCI experts then develop the UI according to the users' needs and send it to users for testing before release. Where the users require some adjustments, then HCI experts stabilized the UI before final release (deployment phase), to users. Finally, the users received the final version of the UI and make used of it before sending their feedback, and the process begin again and again, in an iterative manner. As seen in Fig.2, users were involved in all the design process and can have the opportunity to interact with the interface before it final release.

Conclusion and future work
The study was conducted on 43 papers. Scanty of literature and growing debates of where HCI field belongs to, contribute to the number of articles reviewed. Some of the papers focused on interface design from an engineering method, with little emphasis on information systems design. To summarize, the study evidently shows that emerging technologies in the areas of mobile, cloud and internet of things (IoT), were the major reasons why the current HCI user interface design approaches to information systems development were in-effective, and not supportive of modern information systems design. As the study discovered that the current HCI March, 2021 Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Volume 12, Issue 1 design approaches were based on desktop paradigms which static in nature, compare to modern systems that requires location based-services. In recent days attention is slowly shifting from human-centred -touser-experience, as new technologies such as "virtualization, new smart home control systems, knowledge-based systems, gamification systems, IoTbased information systems for healthcare", were making peoples to request corporal feedback, unseen gesture, and more visual care. The study also exposed that even the user-centred approach that HCI experts think can address some of the interface design problems is not actually addressing the problems. Even though, the study suggests the combination Human-centred design with agile methods, the review is limited to investigating HCI user interface design approaches to information systems development with so much emphasis on mobile platforms applications. Therefore, future studies should employ quantitative or qualitative research approach in order to further investigate HCI design approaches in relation to other organizational information systems with much emphasis on cloud-based systems.