Who wants to wash away their sins? Guilt and shame proneness and behavioral moral cleansing endorsement: a pilot study

Authors

  • Alexandra Maftei Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
  • Ioan-Alex Merlici Alexandru Ioan Cuza University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.4/260

Keywords:

guilt, shame, moral behavior, moral cleansing, age

Abstract

In our pilot cross-sectional study, we aimed to explore the associations between guilt and shame proneness and moral cleansing endorsement. Our sample consisted of 484 adults (73.3% females), aged 18 and 53 (M=24.09, SD=7.32). We used a novel approach to explore moral cleansing mechanisms, i.e., a two-item scale assessing behavioral cleansing endorsement (one's agreement with the idea that people must "wash away" their immoral acts by acting in ethical ways that would "clean" their moral debt). In addition to the significant associations that we found between moral cleansing endorsement and the guilt and shame proneness dimensions (i.e., negative behavior evaluation, repair action tendencies, negative self-evaluation, and withdrawal action tendencies), results also suggested that moral cleansing endorsement was significantly predicted by overall guilt and shame proneness. More specifically, we found that higher levels of guilt and shame proneness might account for higher moral cleansing endorsement levels. We also found important associations with participants' age: our findings suggested that the higher the age, the higher the endorsement for moral actions aimed to "clean" immoral deeds. Results are discussed in relation to cultural-related factors.

References

Ahmad, M. G., Klotz, A. C., & Bolino, M. C. (2020). Can good followers create unethical leaders? How follower citizenship leads to leader moral licensing and unethical behavior. The Journal of applied psychology, 10.1037/apl0000839. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000839

Arli, D., Leo, C., & Tjiptono, F. (2016). Investigating the impact of guilt and shame proneness on consumer ethics: A cross national study. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 40(1), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12183

Blanken, I., van de Ven, N., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). A meta-analytic review of moral licensing. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(4), 540–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215572134

Bocian, K., & Baryla, W. (2020). Pain (less) cleansing: Watching other people in pain reduces guilt and sadness but not shame. Plos one, 15(12), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244429

Borelli, J. L., Nelson, S. K., River, L. M., Birken, S. A., & Moss-Racusin, C. (2017). Gender differences in work-family guilt in parents of young children. Sex Roles, 76(5-6), 356-368. 10.1007/s11199-016-0579-0

Brañas-Garza, P., Bucheli, M., Espinosa, M. P., & García-Muñoz, T. (2013). Moral cleansing and moral licenses: experimental evidence. Economics & Philosophy, 29(2), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267113000199

Breggin, P. R. (2015). The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions. Medical hypotheses, 85(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2015.03.015

Burmeister, A., Fasbender, U., & Gerpott, F. H. (2019). Consequences of knowledge hiding: The differential compensatory effects of guilt and shame. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 92(2), 281-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12249

Carpenter, T. P., Tignor, S. M., Tsang, J. A., & Willett, A. (2016). Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt-and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.017

Cougle, J. R., Goetz, A. R., Hawkins, K. A., & Fitch, K. E. (2012). Guilt and compulsive washing: Experimental tests of interrelationships. Cognitive therapy and research, 36(4), 358-366. 10.1007/s10608-011-9359-x

Cohen, T. R., Wolf, S. T., Panter, A. T., & Insko, C. A. (2011). Introducing the GASP scale: A new measure of guilt and shame proneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 947-966. https://doi:10.1037/a0022641

Cui, Y., Errmann, A., Kim, J., Seo, Y., Xu, Y., & Zhao, F. (2020). Moral Effects of Physical Cleansing and Pro-environmental Hotel Choices. Journal of Travel Research, 59(6), 1105-1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519872821

Dempsey, H. L. (2017). A comparison of the social-adaptive perspective and functionalist perspective on guilt and shame. Behavioral Sciences, 7(4), 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7040083

Ding, W., Xie, R., Sun, B., Li, W., Wang, D., & Zhen, R. (2016). Why Does the "Sinner" Act Prosocially? The Mediating Role of Guilt and the Moderating Role of Moral Identity in Motivating Moral Cleansing. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1317. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01317

Durkee, P. K., Lukaszewski, A. W., & Buss, D. M. (2019). Pride and shame: Key components of a culturally universal status management system. Evolution and Human Behavior, 40(5), 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.06.004

Elison, J. (2005). Shame and guilt: A hundred years of apples and oranges. New Ideas in Psychology, 23(1), 5-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2005.07.001

Engel, J., & Szech, N. (2020). A little good is good enough: Ethical consumption, cheap excuses, and moral self-licensing. PloS one, 15(1), e0227036. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227036

Gilchrist, P. T., & Schnall, S. (2018). The paradox of moral cleansing: When physical cleansing leads to increased contamination concerns. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 61, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.06.002

Gilchrist, J. D., Solomon-Krakus, S., Pila, E., Crocker, P., & Sabiston, C. M. (2020). Associations between Physical Self-Concept and Anticipated Guilt and Shame: The Moderating Role of Gender. Sex Roles, 763-772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01137-x

Gneezy, U., Imas, A., & Madarász, K. (2014). Conscience Accounting: Emotion Dynamics and Social Behavior. Management Science, 60(11), 2645-2658. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1942.

Grey, I., Daly, R., Thomas, J., & Marassas, W. (2018). The relationship between shame and guilt: Cultural comparisons between Ireland and the United Arab Emirates. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 21(3), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1455651

Harkrider, L. N., Tamborski, M. A., Wang, X., Brown, R. P., Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S., & Devenport, L. D. (2013). Threats to Moral Identity: Testing the Effects of Incentives and Consequences of One's Actions on Moral Cleansing. Ethics & Behavior, 23(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2012.714246

Ilies, R., Peng, A. C., Savani, K., & Dimotakis, N. (2013). Guilty and helpful: An emotion-based reparatory model of voluntary work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(6), 1051. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034162

Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., Gilovich, T., & Ariely, D. (2013). Moral masochism: On the connection between guilt and self-punishment. Emotion, 13(1), 14. 10.1037/a0029749

Jaffe, K. (2008). Evolution of shame as an adaptation to social punishment and its contribution to social cohesiveness. Complexity, 14(2), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.20244

Loi, T. I., Kuhn, K. M., Sahaym, A., Butterfield, K. D., & Tripp, T. M. (2020). From helping hands to harmful acts: When and how employee volunteering promotes workplace deviance. The Journal of applied psychology, 105(9), 944–958. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000477

Meub, L., Proeger, T., Schneider, T., & Bizer, K. (2016). The victim matters–experimental evidence on lying, moral costs and moral cleansing. Applied Economics Letters, 23(16), 1162-1167. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1139674

Monin, B., & Miller, D. T. (2001). Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.81.1.33

Mullen, E., & Monin, B. (2016). Consistency Versus Licensing Effects of Past Moral Behavior. Annual review of psychology, 67, 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115120

Nisan, M., & Horenczyk, G. (1990). Moral balance: The effect of prior behaviour on decision in moral conflict. British journal of social psychology, 29(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00884.x

O'Connor, K., Effron, D. A., & Lucas, B. J. (2020). Moral cleansing as hypocrisy: When private acts of charity make you feel better than you deserve. Journal of personality and social psychology, 10, 1037/pspa0000195. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000195

Onwezen, M. C., Bartels, J., & Antonides, G. (2014). Environmentally friendly consumer choices: Cultural differences in the self-regulatory function of anticipated pride and guilt. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.07.003

Orth, U., Berking, M., & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-conscious emotions and depression: Rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 32(12), 1608-1619. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206292958

Rotella, A., & Barclay, P. (2020). Failure to replicate moral licensing and moral cleansing in an online experiment. Personality and Individual Differences, 161, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109967

Sachdeva, S., Iliev, R., Medin, D. L. (2009). Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation. Psychological Science. 20(4) 523-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02326.x

Shen, L. (2018). The evolution of shame and guilt. PloS one, 13(7), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199448

Shapiro, S. S., & Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3), 591–611. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2333709

Sunar, D., Cesur, S., Piyale, Z. E., Tepe, B., Biten, A. F., Hill, C. T., & Koç, Y. (2020). People respond with different moral emotions to violations in different relational models: A cross-cultural comparison. Emotion. 10.1037/emo0000736

Sznycer, D., Xygalatas, D., Agey, E., Alami, S., An, X. F., Ananyeva, K. I., Atkinson, Q. D., Broitman, B. R., Conte, T. J., Flores, C., Fukushima, S., Hitokoto, H., Kharitonov, A. N., Onyishi, I. E., Romero, P. P., Schrock, J. M., Snodgrass, J. J., Sugiyama, L. S., Takemura, K., Townsend, C., Zhuang, J. Y., Aktipis, C. A., Cronk, L., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2018). Cross-cultural invariances in the architecture of shame. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(39), 9702-9707.

Tilghman-Osborne, C., Cole, D. A., & Felton, J. W. (2010). Definition and measurement of guilt: Implications for clinical research and practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(5), 536-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.007

Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). " Putting the Self Into Self-Conscious Emotions: A Theoretical Model". Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01

Watson, S. D., Gomez, R., & Gullone, E. (2016). The shame and guilt scales of the test of self-conscious affect-adolescent (TOSCA-A): psychometric properties for responses from children, and measurement invariance across children and adolescents. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 635. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00635

West, C., & Zhong, C. B. (2015). Moral cleansing. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 221-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.022

Zhang, H., Chen, S., Wang, R., Jiang, J., Xu, Y., & Zhao, H. (2017). How upward moral comparison influences prosocial behavioral intention: Examining the mediating role of guilt and the moderating role of moral identity. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1554. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01554

Zhong, C. B., & Liljenquist, K. (2006). Washing away your sins: threatened morality and physical cleansing. Science (New York, N.Y.), 313(5792), 1451–1452. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130726

Zhu, R., Feng, C., Zhang, S., Mai, X., & Liu, C. (2019). Differentiating guilt and shame in an interpersonal context with univariate activation and multivariate pattern analyses. NeuroImage, 186, 476-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.012

Downloads

Published

2021-12-20

How to Cite

Maftei, A., & Merlici, I.-A. (2021). Who wants to wash away their sins? Guilt and shame proneness and behavioral moral cleansing endorsement: a pilot study . BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 12(4), 474-490. https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.4/260

Publish your work at the Scientific Publishing House LUMEN

It easy with us: publish now your work, novel, research, proceeding at Lumen Scientific Publishing House

Send your manuscript right now