The Relationships between Depression, Suicide Risk and Emotional Cognitive Coping
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/13.3/355Keywords:
depression, suicide risk, emotional cognitive copingAbstract
Background and aim: Emotional cognitive coping strategies are closely correlated with depression and suicide risk. The aim of this study is to explore the particular features of cognitive-emotional coping and their impact on depression levels and suicidal ideation.
Methods: The study included a total number of 131 participants, 65 with a clinical diagnosis of depression and 66 controls. Instruments used were: Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21R), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), in order to assess the differences between depressive and non-depressive individuals in relation to coping strategies.
Results and conclusion: The findings, based on the statistical analysis of the scores obtained on the various psychometric scales, showed significant differences between depressive and non-depressive patients. Also, cognitive-emotional strategies could represent a good predictor to be used in the prevention of suicide risk in depressed patients.
References
Andеrson, C. A., Mіllеr, R. S., Rіgеr, A. L., Dіll, J. C., & Sеdіkіdеs C. (1994). Bеhavіoral and charactеrologіcal attrіbutіonal stylеs as prеdіctors of dеprеssіon and lonеlіnеss: Rеvіеw, rеfіnеmеnt, and tеst. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 549–558
Åsberg, M., Montgomery, S. A., Perris, C., Schalling, D., & Sedvall, G. (1978). A comprehensive psychopathological rating scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 57(S271), 5-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb02357.x
Åsberg, M., Montgomery, S. A., Perris, C., Schalling, D., & Sedvall, G. (1978). A comprehensive psychopathological rating scale. Acta psychiatrica scandinavica, 57(S271), 5-27.
Azadi, S., Khosravani, V., King, S., Mohammadzadeh, A., & Baseri, A. (2020). Effects of neuropsychological systems on psychopathology through cognitive emotion regulation strategies in individuals with suicide attempts. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(1), 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10040-z
Bazrafshan, M. R., Jahangir, F., Mansouri, A., & Kashfi, S. H. (2014). Coping strategies in people attempting suicide. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 3(1), e16265. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.16265
Berk, M., Malhi, G. S., Mitchell, P. B., Cahill, C. M., Carman, A. C., Hadzi‐Pavlovic, D., ... & Tohen, M. (2004). Scale matters: the need for a Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 39-45.
Botsis, A. J., Soldatos, C. R., Liossi, A., Kokkevi, A., & Stefanis, C. N. Suicide and violence risk. I. Relationship to Coping Styles. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(2), 92-96.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretical based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267
Cohen, F., & Lazarus, R. S. Coping with the stresses of illness. In G. C. Stone, N. E. Adler & F. Cohen (Eds.), Health psychology (pp. 217-254). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Faramarzі, S., Abеdі, M. R., & Karіmі, M. (2013). Rеlatіonshіp of copіng stylеs for dеprеssіon іn malе and fеmalе adolеscеnts. Journal of Cognіtіvе and Bеhavіoral Scіеncеs, 3, 17–26.
Flores-Kanter, P. E., García-Batista, Z. E., Moretti, L. S., & Medrano, L. A. (2019). Towards an explanatory model of suicidal ideation: the effects of cognitive emotional regulation strategies, affectivity and hopelessness. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 22. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2019.45
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relation between cognitive emotional regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1659–1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.009
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. & Spinhoven, Ph. (2001). The relationship between cognitive coping strategies and symptoms of depression, anxiety and suicidality (De relatie tussen cognitieve copingstrategieën en symptomen van depressie, angst en suïcidaliteit). Gedrag en Gezondheid, 29, 166-176
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Schroevers, M. J. (2011). Effects of cognitive behavioral self-help program on depressed mood for people with acquired physical impairment. A pilot randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 85(2), 304-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.10.006
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Benoist, Z., Karels, E., & Smit, A. (2013). Effect of cognitive-behavioral self-help intervention on depression, anxiety and coping self-efficacy in people with rheumatic disease. Arthtitis Care & Research, 65(7), 1077-1084. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.21936
Garnefski, N., Kraaji, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). CERQ, Manual for the use of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Liderdorp: DATEC.
Garnefski, N., van den Kommer, T., Kraaij, V., Teerda, J., Legerstee, J., & Onstein, E. (2002). The relation between cognitive emotional regulation strategies and emotional problems: Comparison between clinical and non-clinical sample. European Journal of Personality, 16(5), 403-420. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.458
Giner, L., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., De La Vega, D., & Courtet, P. (2016). Cognitive, emotional, temperament, and personality trait correlates of suicidal behavior. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(11), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0742-x
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 23(1), 56.
Hankіn, B. L. (2006). Adolеscеnt dеprеssіon: Dеscrіptіon, causеs, and іntеrvеntіons. Еpіlеpsy Bеhavіor, 8(1), 102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.10.012
Hеіnrіch, L. M, & Gullonе, Е. (2006). Thе clіnіcal sіgnіfіcancе of lonеlіnеss: A lіtеraturе rеvіеw. Clіnical Psychology Rеview, 26, 695–718.
Josepho, S. A, & Plutchik, R. (1994). Stress, coping and suicide risk in psychiatric inpatients. Suicide Life Threat Behaviour, 24(1), 48-57. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8203008/
Jіn, J., Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Lv, S., & Hanglі, Z. (2009). A structural modеl of dеprеssіon and dеfеnsе systеm factor: A survеy among Chіnеss collеgе studеns. Psychіatry Rеsearch, 165(3), 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.012
Kotler, M., Finkelstein, G., Molcho, A., Botsis, A. J., Plutchik, R., Brown, S. L., & van Praag, H. M. (1993). Correlates of suicide and violence risk in an inpatient population: coping styles and social support. Psychiatry Research, 47(3), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(93)90085-u
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Copіng thеory and rеsеarch: Past, prеsеnt, and futurе. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(3), 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199305000-00002
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales, 2.
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. A. R. I. E. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 134(4), 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.134.4.382
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British journal of psychiatry, 134(4), 382-389.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Jackson, B. (2001). Mediators of the gender difference in rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterley, 25(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00005
Ooi, M. Y., Rabbani, M., Yahya, A. N., & Siau, C. S. (2021). The relationship between religious orientation, coping strategies and suicidal behaviour. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211005864
Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., Currier, G. W., Melvin, G. A., Greenhill, L., Shen, S., & Mann, J. J. (2011). The Columbia-suicide severity rating scale: Initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1266-77. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704
Quintana-Orts, C., Mérida-López, S., Rey, L., Neto, F., & Extremera, N. (2020). Untangling the emotional intelligence-suicidal ideation connection: The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(10), 3116. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjcm9103116
Sajatovic, M., Strejilevich, S. A., Gildengers, A. G., Dols, A., Al Jurdi, R. K., Forester, B. P., ... & Shulman, K. I. (2015). A report on older‐age bipolar disorder from the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force. Bipolar disorders, 17(7), 689-704.
Snaith, R. P., Harrop, F. M., Newby, T. D., & Teale, C. (1986). Grade scores of the Montgomery Åsberg depression and the clinical anxiety scales. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 148(5), 599-601. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.5.599
Vingerhoets, A. J., & Van Heck, G. L. (1990). Gender, coping and psychosomatic symptoms. Psychoogical Medicine, 20(1), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700013301
Vraşti, R. (2015). Evaluarea şi intervenţia în criză pentru un individ suicidar adult. Psihiatru. ro, 41(2).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors & LUMEN Publishing House
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant this journal right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work, with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as an earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal has an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
CC BY-NC-ND
