Interaction in Society-New Approaches to State and International Administration in the Post-COVID-19 Period

1 Doctor Sciences in Public Administration, associate professor, Lviv Regional Institute for Public Administration, Lviv, Ukraine, kalashnykn@ukr.net 2 Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, Lviv Regional Institute for Public Administration, Lviv, Ukraine, krasivski@ukr.net Abstract: The article analyzes the systemic problems of the modern world community in the relationship " person-society", "person-state", "state international community", which provoked the COVID-19 pandemic. From the position of public administration mechanisms in the field of collective security, changes in the system of public relations in the postcoronavirus period are predicted. The author proposes a gradation of the crisis of systemic relationships triggered by a pandemic. From the point of view of mutual relations, the problems faced by the countries of the European region in connection with mass labour migration and quarantine are considered. The main challenges of modern collective security are analyzed, and the challenges that society will face in the post-coronovirus period are predicted. The main emphasis is on reformatting the relationship of the person to himself, his safety and health, understanding his duties and rights regarding society as a whole, duties and rights regarding native state and state, where person lives and works. The article discusses the possible main directions of interstate and international relations development in the post-coronovirus period, where military threats will no longer be considered as priority for response. The focus of efforts will be concentrate on epidemiological, epizootic, biological and food threats. We offer our vision of changes in relationship systems and their development paths.


Introduction
Probably for the first time after the Second World War and the Caribbean crisis, the world community faced such an all-out threat. The pandemics of 2002-2003 and 2010 were less massive. Despite the wide distribution, they were mainly localized. The KOVID-19 pandemic raised a number of problems in fields of collective security, economics, crisis of personal relations due to isolation. Such issues as problems of managerial decisions, the need to reformat relations in the coordinate system "personsociety", "person-state", "state -international community" are quite obvious. Public relations of these systems will move to a new level, mutual rights and subjects` obligations will be redistributed. One can predict a new surge in the discussion between supporters and opponents of globalization processes. However, this does not level down the need for coexistence. In the article, we analyze the problems in the "person-society", "person-state", "state-international community" institutions from the point of view of making managerial decisions in the field of collective security and offer our forecast for changes in the system of public relations in the post-coronovirus period.
The importance of the research lies in the sphere of social constructionism dynamics. In a pandemic, society rethinks the essence of many social life phenomena and interaction principles. Nowadays one can see rethinking of social interaction phenomena as to established traditions of communication in society, local and international levels. For postmodern studies research on social construction of reality, and the personal individual relationship (construct) to the phenomena of the new reality is relevant . The dynamics of the society restructuring in the post-coronavirus period will change the people perceptionas to "society", "state", "international interaction", "security" phenomena and will also shift the values emphasis in the social structures at "person-society", "person-state", "stateinternational community" systems. Now it is extremely important for the development of post-modern society to consider options for the ways in which individuals and groups of people take part in creating a new social reality in the post-coronovirus period.
Analysis of scientific research in the field of COVID-19 showed that the surge of research began in February 2020. The main feature of researches is the focus on anti-epidemiological measures, ambulance, various types of therapy, mass diagnostics, etc. In the field of public administration, there are studies in the field of healthcare management (Renda & Castro, May, 2020 Openings Volume 11, Issue 1, Supl. 2 51 2020), regional aspect of countering the virus (Wu et al., 2020), international responsibility for the consequences of COVID-19 (Atkinson, 2020). This sphere is out of our interest in this particular research. So, the main literature for this paper in the focus of reformatting public administration from the perspective of collective security are: statistics of incidence on COVID-19 in the world and some countries, which can be seen as basis for the analysis; official statements (speaches) of government leaders, senior officials of international organizations etc. The analysis of new approaches to the internal logic of relations in state and international administration in the post-COVID-19 period was chosen for several reasons:  global pandemic provoked fundamentally new conditions for managerial decisions;  short time frames and global nature of the distribution of COVID-19 do not make it possible to acquire any practice in the field of managerial decision-making. The decision are to be made "here and now";  management decisions are not made according to proved algorithms, but rather, contrary to them;  uncertainty of the predicted consequences and results of decisions made;  need for rapid reorientation in view of influencing factors that are changing rapidly;  limited instruments of influence and resources;  ambiguity of public opinion (which is one of the important decision-making factors for politicians).
As already noted, the lack of practice and unified statistics complicates empirical data analysis. This opportunity will appear in the future researches. Today, as a research methodology, we can use the methods of theoretical analysis, analogy (based on the patterns of development of society), situational observation, study of open sources of information (such as official data from government bodies and international organizations), situational modeling (to predict the development of relations in society in future).
The European region was chosen for analyzing because today it is one of the biggest centers of the COVID-19 pandemic. All the studies and forecasts apply to Eastern and Central Europe countries. It is the labour migration of this region (which practically stopped during the COVID-19 pandemic) that traditionally considers to be one of shakable factors of collective security and structuring of relations in society mentioned.

Borders: assistance or inconvenience in the pandemic period
Ukraine now is one of the largest "suppliers" of labor migrants for the European Union countries at continental Europe (4.5 million Ukrainians went to work and returned in 2010-2019, and 1.5 million remained in the EU countries). The largest number of Ukrainian labor migrants lives and works in Poland (60%), Germany (18%), Italy (12%) and Slovakia (5%) (UNN, 2019). Because of COVID-19 pandemic, Ukraine closed its borders. Out of 36 checkpoints with EU countries (excluding the air traffic ones), by 11.04 2020 remained 6. Ukraine lets in only its citizens who go through a medical examination and sign a 14-day self-isolation commitment (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, 2020). Since the announcement of the quarantine (03/13/2020) and borders close (03/16/2020), more than 500 thousand labor migrants returned to Ukraine from the European Union. From 3.5 thousand to 83 thousand (03/26/2020) people per day cross the Ukraine-EU border (State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, 2020).
The large-scale outflow of labor migrants provoked a number of socio-economic, legal, law enforcement, political, and justice nature problems both in the European Union countries and in countries where people returned to. Down here is made attempt to analyze the problems may raise in the systems "person-society", "person-state", "personinternational community» and divide them into several blocks. Block 1. The problems of the EU countries in connection with the labor migrants` outflow:  A large number of low-paying jobs were freed. EU citizens do not want or do not consider it necessary to go to work for these jobs. Since these types of work are mainly related to agriculture, construction, physical labor and the service sectors; absence of labor migrants can provoke a crisis in the food sector as well.
 Comfortable living conditions. The service sector (caring for the elderly, children, people with disabilities; waiter; dishwashers; handymen; cleaners, etc.) ensures the comfort of everyday life. With the outflow of labor migrants, citizens of the EU countries have to either refuse / limit themselves in comfort or perform these functions themselves (again reduces the comfort of life).
 Against the backdrop of the global economic crisis, after lifting quarantine restrictions there will be a shortage of labor. It will take time to return labor migrants to their places. Removal of quarantine measures is in the sphere of state decisions. The relaxation and removal of quarantine measures, the opening of borders in the EU countries and countries of European region May, 2020 Openings Volume 11, Issue 1, Supl. 2 will take place not at the same time, depending on the epidemiological situation. Since the bulk of labor migrants travels by land, there is no need to wait for a quick restoration of labor relations in the EU countries that do not have a direct border with the labor migrants supplier countries. These factors can trigger positive changes for migrant workers. Their work will be more appreciated, countries will be forced to liberalize migration policies, and labor markets will be redistributed. On the other hand, citizens of the EU countries during the period of forced isolation can learn to live without some comfort components, abandonment of which they previously thought was impossible, or to reconsider their attitude to certain everyday habits, to form new individual and social habits.
Block 2. Problems of countries that have taken labor migrants back.  Social adaptation and observation. After returning to their home country, migrants face the need for either observation or self-isolation (depending on the severity of quarantine in the country). A person who came from a country -hotbed of the pandemic is considered a potential threat (World Health Organization, 2020b). Thus, the mutual rights and obligations of a person and the state regarding guarantees of individual rights of a citizen and guarantees the right of the whole society to collective security come into force. At the personal level the attitude towards a labor migrant can be ambiguous starting from the near circle of friends (relatives, friends, neighbors), and up to the public opinion. In Ukraine there were cases when the women wanted their men came from abroad home instead of them stay at the special places organized for isolation by the state. A migrant needs to be re-socialized and overcome barriers to communication that arise due to a long absence, as well as those associated with the potential carrier factor COVID-19.
 Uncertainty. In today's conditions, to predict when the borders will be opened, there will be access to work in another state, what will be the conditions for access to work and its payment is impossible. Migrant workers find themselves in an uncertain future.
 Change of approach to work. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the willingness of the state to maintain the financial stability of its citizens. However, it is impossible to avoid financial, but as a consequence of the labor crisis. All possible types of work are now being carried out on-line and this demonstrates the possibility of reformatting the labor market, expanding the audience of users of on-line services. Online skills will continue after the end of the pandemic and the relaxation of quarantine measures. This social experience will be used to reformat the entire spectrum of household services.

Crisis of social phenomena: how will the postmodern society emerge from the pandemic?
It can be stated that the COVID-19 pandemic provoked a series of crises in systemic relations:  crisis of the attitude of people to the authorities; after the end of the pandemic, the question will arise of responsibility in the eyes of people for the readiness / unpreparedness of the entire state system and the service sector for a mass threat; the correctness and timeliness of management decisions, their sufficiency. Depending on the outcome of the pandemic, changes in political preferences can be expected at all levels of government, from local government to heads of state. These changes, depending on the personality of the official and his decisions, can range from absolute support to antagonism and demands for resignation.
 human rights crisis. The pandemic has shifted focus in the human rights system from individual to collective (primarily, issues of collective security). Today, movement restrictions, total control via cell phone applications, restrictions on the freedom of choice and so on seem reasonable and appropriate. The question is that after the end of the pandemic, all additional measures of control and state intervention in the people life should be removed. There is a risk of moving from a democratic state to a policeman.
 information crisis. The pandemic in the countries of the European Region, and not only, was marked by panic. It was provoked either by the lack of information, or by its distortion, or by a special aggravation. The top officials of some world leader countries initially denied or underestimated the magnitude of the threat. To date (13/04/2020), 1,773,084 cases have been confirmed in the world, 111 652 fatal cases; there are 913,349 confirmed cases in the European Region, fatal -77,419 (World Health Organization, 2020d). The question arises as to the reliability of this information. A number of countries, including European ones (Russia, Belarus), are accused of hiding reliable information about the situation with COVID-19. The international community does not have any mechanism for influencing the country in order to rectify the situation. Existing mechanisms can last for years, which is not permissible in a pandemic. In the era of the Internet, countless information of various kinds is freely available. Only time will tell which predictions turn out to be true. In a post-pandemic society, a surge of skepticism about official sources of information can be expected.
 collective security crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic destroyed many people's illusions about their safety and well-being. The global scale of May, 2020 Openings Volume 11, Issue 1, Supl. 2 the problem and the speed of proliferation, forces us to review the principles of collective security not only in Europe, but in the world (World Health Organization, 2020c). We can expect basic changes to international acts that regulate epidemiological control, as well as a shift of emphasis in the security system within countries and interstate blocs from military threats to epidemiological, epizootic, biological, and food ones.  crisis of migration control (displacement). Changes in approaches to collective security can give an impetus to changes in the rules of border crossing, flights, movement by other vehicles. The requirements for moving (crossing the border) can be supplemented by the requirements of confirmation of physical health or additional quarantine (World Health Organization, 2020a). Moreover, these rules will apply not only to incoming foreigners, but to citizens of the country.
 crisis of the institution of citizenship. This crisis has long been ripe under the conditions of the European Union; the COVID-19 pandemic only made it brighter. Modern transport and food logistics, active labor migration do not allow isolation in the same country. State can't be responsible for its citizenes all over the planet, even across the region. On the other hand, rights and obligations (including those related to maintaining health, fulfilling safety requirements) are vested in a person in the host country, even if he is not it's citizen. He will be provided with emergency medical care, etc. We can expect that after the completion of the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the liberalization of legislation on labor migration, there will be changes in the policy of mutual relations between the state and the individual. The institution of citizenship will not disappear, but the scope of regulation of stay in a non-native country will be expanded.
 legal crisis. The need for quick decision-making at the time of the onset and peak of the pandemic made many states and international organizations violate (situational change) the legal decision-making procedures. In some cases, this led to "manual control," instead of system control. The expediency of such measures is situational, but in a strategic perspective creates a dangerous precedent. The resulting dualism (double standard) to the adoption of managerial decisions may lead to the unscrupulous use of such a mechanism in the future.

Conclusions
The key changes in the relationship in the "person-society" system can be predicted as following: changes in individual and social habits (especially in the areas of household, education, services, interpersonal communication; it is possible to increase the number of people with Internet addiction, as well as a sharp increase in the audience of users Internet services); changes in attitude to individualization (concepts about what was considered a personal affair of everyone, starting with health); changes of approaches and transformation in "comfort" and "safety" concepts.
The post-pandemic society is going to face a serious crisis in the "person-state" system, the source of which was all levels of public administration unpreparedness to protect its citizens from threats. Therefore, it is possible to predict a shift in emphasis as to citizenship institution towards expanding citizen's responsibilities to the state and society; rethinking human rights towards collective security; redistribution of labor market and social guarantees; short-term mass support of citizens in order to maintain their well-being in the long term perspective; changes in the structure of public administration at different levels of government.
In the system "state -international community" one can expect the following trends: revision of approaches to collective security, change in emphasis in security policy; additional control of cross-border parameters with the simultaneous liberalization of labor migration legislation; development of new rules for mutual information and prompt response to potential threats; changing management decision-making procedures. May, 2020 Openings Volume 11, Issue 1, Supl. 2