Time Bank and Dynamics of its Metamodel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18662/po/50Keywords:
Time Banking, System Dynamics, Complementary Economy,Abstract
The concept of Time Banks developed over many decades. Eventually, it formed itself into an approach utilizing the dormant aspects of human activities that cannot be sold on the traditional labour market. Time Banks need to be considered as socio-economic systems, which in contrast to monetary systems are based on equality and reciprocity. Time Banks belong to the sphere of complementary economic systems which are one of the traits of postmodern society. They appeared as a reaction to various economic and societal failures, filling the empty spaces mainstream economy leaves behind. But equality and reciprocity are not the only ones on the list of properties that ought to be monitored and carefully considered when the nature of Time Banks is investigated, and ways in which they can be implemented in practice are explored. This paper exemplifies identified attributes and provides a description of their meaning, significance and outlines their mutual interrelationship. Alphabetically ordered, the list starts with Accessibility, Adaptability, or Affordability and ends with characteristics such as Tailorability or Transparency. As is well known from the systems theory, capturing the mutual relationship among attributes and the development of appropriate structure enable the so-called metasystem to be created. Mostly, metasystems are described regarding their structure. The challenge that this paper accepts is to sketch the possibility of capturing its behaviour in terms of system dynamics. For this purpose, diagrams used in this discipline are applied. The systemic features are organized into a Causal Loop Diagram which illustrates how they are connected and influenced by each other. As a result, graphs showing development of systemic features in time are presented and interpreted.References
Aronson, D., & Angelakis, D. (2018). Step-By-Step Stocks and Flows: Converting From Causal Loop Diagrams. Systems Thinker, 10.
Blanc, J. (2011). Classifying “CCs”: Community, complementary and local currencies’ types and generations. International Journal of Community Currency Research, 15(SI), 4 - 10. Retrieved from Retrieved from https://ijccr.net/2012/05/29/classifying-ccs-community-complementaryand-local-currencies/
Boyle, D. (2014). The potential of time banks to support social inclusion and employability. Seville, Spain: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.jrc.es/pub/EURdoc/JRC85642.pdf
Boyle, D., & Bird, S. (2014). Give and take: How timebanking is transforming healthcare. Stroud, Gloucester: Timebanking uk.
Cahn, E. S. (2000). No more throw-away people : The co-production imperative. Washington, D.C., USA: Essential.
Cahn, E. S. (2001). On LETS and Time Dollars. International Journal of Community Currency Research, 5, 1-4. Retrieved from https://ijccr.net/2012/05/23/onlets-and-time-dollars/
Cahn, E. S., & Rowe, J. (1998). Time dollars : The new currency that enables Americans to turn their hidden resource--time--into personal security & community renewal. Chicago, USA: Family Resource Coalition of America.
Carnero, M. A., Martinez, B., & Sanchez-Mangas, R. (2015). Explaining transactions in time banks in economic crisis. Applied Economics Letters, 22(9), 739-744. doi:10.1080/13504851.2014.975323
Clement, N., Holbrook, A., Forster, D., Macneil, J., Smith, M., Lyons, K., & Donald, E. M. (2017). Timebanking, co-production and normative principles: Putting normative principles into practice. International Journal of Community Currency Research, 21, 37-52. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15133/j.ijccr.2017.004
Collom, E. (2008). Engagement of the elderly in time banking: The potential for social capital generation in an aging society. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 20(4), 414-436. doi:10.1080/08959420802186282
Collom, E., Lasker, J. N., & Kyriacou, C. (2012). Equal time, equal value: Community currencies and time banking in the US. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. Retirved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ed_Collom/publication/277709163_Equal_Time_Equal_Value_Community_Currencies_and_Time_Banking _in_the_US/links/58cc0b8b4585157b6dabfee5/Equal-Time-Equal-ValueCommunity-Currencies-and-Time-Banking-in-the-US.pdf
DWP. (2015). Department of Work and Pensions Statement on Timebanking - November 2015. Official statement. London.
Glynos, J., & Speed, E. (2013). Varieties of co-production in public services: time banks in a UK health policy context. Critical Policy Studies, 6, 402-433.
Granger, P. (2013). Valuing people and pooling resources to alleviate poverty through time banking. London, UK: Academic Press.
Gregory, L. (2012). Time and punishment: a comparison of UK and US time bank use in criminal justice systems. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 28(3), 195-208. doi:10.1080/17486831.2012.742452
Checkland, P. (1993). Systems thinking, systems practice. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Checkland, P. (1999). Soft systems methodology: a thirty year retrospective. Systems Research & Behavioral Science, 17(S1), S11-S58. doi:10.1002/1099- 1743(200011)17:1+3.3.co;2-f
Kennedy, M., Lietaer, B., & Rogers, J. (2012). People money: The promise of regional currencies. Axminster, United Kingdom: Triarchy Press.
Lasker, J., Collom, E., Bealer, T., Niclaus, E., Keefe, J. Y., Kratzer, Z., Baldasari, L., Kramer, E., Mendeville, R., Schulman, J., Suchow, D., Letcher, A., Rogers, A., &. Perlow, K. (2010). Time banking and health: The role of a community currency organization in enhancing well-being. Health Promotion Practice, 12(1), 2012-115. doi:10.1177/1524839909353022
Lehaney, B., Clarke, S., Coakes, E., & Jack, G. (2004). Beyond knowledge management: Hershey, USA: IGI Global. Lietaer, B. (2001). The future of money. London, United Kingdom: Random House Group Limited.
Manville, B., & Foote, N. (1996). Harvest your workers´ knowledge. Datamation, 42(13), 78-83.
Marks, M. (2012). Time banking service exchange systems: A review of the research and policy and practice implications in support of youth in transition. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(7), 1230-1236. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.02.017
Mill, J. S. (2011). Utilitariarismus [Utilitarism]. Prague, Czech Republic: Nakladatelstvi Vysehrad, spol. s r.o.
Miller, J. (2008). Teruko Mizushima: Pioneer Trader in Time as a Currency. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, 7. Retrieved from http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue17/miller.htm
Molnar, S. (2011). Time is of the essence: The challenges and achievements of a Swedish Time Banking initiative International Journal of Community Currency Research, 15, 13-22. Retrieved from https://ijccr.net/2012/05/29/time-isof-the-essence-the-challenges-and-achievements-of-a-swedish-timebanking-initiative/
Naughton-Doe, R. (2015). An evaluation of timebanking in England: What can timebanks contribute to the co-production of preventive social care? Doctoral Dissertation. Bristol, USA: University of Bristol.
Nonaka, I. (1991). The knowledge-creating company. Harward Business Review, JulyAugust. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2007/07/the-knowledge-creatingcompany
Nurse, I., & Russell, D. (2015). Time banking and occupational therapy: An innovative approach to practice. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78, 36-36.
Ozzane, L. K. (2010). Learning to exchange time: Benefits and obstacles to time banking. International Journal of Community Currency Research, 14(2010), A1 - 16. Retrieved from https://ijccr.net/2012/05/29/learning-to-exchangetime-benefits-and-obstacles-to-time-banking/
Papaoikonomou, E., & Valor, C. (2017). The institutionalization of alternative economies: The processes of objectification in time banks. Journal of Macromarketing, 37(2), 167-179. doi:10.1177/0276146716672286
Ryan-Collins, J., Stephens, L., & Coote, A. (2008). The new wealth of time: How timebanking helps people build better public services. London, UK: New Economics Foundation.
Seyfang, G. (1999). The Euro, the Pound, and the Shell in our pockets: Rationales for complementary currencies in a global economy. New Political Economy, 5(2), 227-246. doi:10.1080/713687774
Seyfang, G. (2006). Sustainable consumption, the new economics and community currencies: developing new institutions for environmental governance. Regional Studies, 40(7), 781-791. doi:10.1080/00343400600959173
Seyfang, G., & Longhurst, N. (2012a). Community currencies and sustainability. Grassroots Innovations Research Briefing, 15.
Seyfang, G., & Longhurst, N. (2012b). Money, money, money? A scoping study of grassroots complementary currencies for sustainability. Norwich, UK: Science, Society and Sustainability Research Group. Retrieved from https://grassrootsinnovations.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/seyfang-andlonghurst-2012-money-money-money.pdf
Shih, P., Bellotti, V., Han, K., & Carroll, J. (2015). Unequal time for unequal value: Implications of differing motivations for participation in timebanking. Paper presented at the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/14193561/Unequal_time_for_unequal_value_Design_implications_of_differing_motivations_for_participation_in_timeb anking
Schroeder, R., Miyazaki, Y., & Fare, M. (2011). Community currency research: An analysis of the literature. International Journal of Community Currency Research, 15 (A), 31-41. Retrieved from https://ijccr.net/2012/05/29/communitycurrency-research-an-analysis-of-the-literature/
Skyttner, L. (2005). General systems theory : problems, perspectives, practice (2nd ed.). Hackensack, USA: World Scientific.
Sterman, J. (2009). Does system dynamics training improve understanding of accumulation?
Timebanking UK. (2005). A bridge to tomorrow: time banking for baby boomers. In TimebanksUK (Ed.). Gloucester: TimebanksUK.
Tucnik, P., Valek, L., Blecha, P., & Bures, V. (2016). Use of time banking as a nonmonetary component in agent-based computational economics models. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 13, 229-237. Retrieved from http://www.wseas.org/multimedia/journals/economics/2016/a425807- 496.pdf
Valek, L. (2013). Risk factors and issues which might arise while implementing and running a time bank: Learning from success and failure. Paper presented at the 22nd International-Business-Information-Management-Association Conference on Creating Global Competitive Economies: 2020 Vision Planning and Implementation, Rome, Italy. WOS:000339301500018
Valek, L. (2015a). The difference in understanding of time banking in various contexts. Paper presented at the 6th LUMEN International Conference: Rethinking Social Action. Core Values 2015, Iasi, Romania.
Valek, L. (2015b). Simulations and modelling of non-mainstream economic realities: Final study. Paper presented at the The 26th International Business Information Management Association Conference: Innovation and Sustainable Economic Competitive Advantage: From Regional Development to Global Growth, Madrid, Spain.
Valek, L. (2018a). A conceptual perspective on the time bank as a soft system. Doctoral thesis. Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic: University of Hradec Kralove.
Valek, L. (2018b). Three new directions for time banking research: Information management, knowledge management, and the open source model. In V. Ahuja & S. Rathore (Eds.), Multidisciplinary perspectives on human capital and information technology professionals (pp. 324-340). Hershey, USA: IGI Global.
Valek, L., & Bures, V. (2018). Time bank as a complementary economic system: Emerging research and opportunities. Hershey, USA: IGI Global.
Valor, C., & Papaoikonomou, E. (2016). TTime banking in Spain. Exploring their structure, management and users' profile. Revista Internacional De Sociologia, 74(1), e14. doi:10.3989/ris.2016.74.1.028
Whitham, M. M., & Clarke, H. (2016). Getting is giving: Time banking as formalized generalized exchange. Sociology Compass, 10(1), 87-97. doi:10.1111/soc4.12343
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant this journal right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work, with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as an earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Postmodern Openings Journal has an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
CC BY-NC-ND