Word Reading Accuracy as a Mediator for Fluency

Authors

  • Katalin Tiron ”Al. I. Cuza” Iași University, Romania
  • Alois Gherguț Ph.D, Associate Professor, ”Alexandru Ioan Cuza ” Iași University, Romania
  • Adrian Marian Roșan Ph.D., Associate Professor, Babeș -Bolyai University, Cluj, Romania
  • Cristina Maria Bostan Ph.D, postdoctoral researcher, ”Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University from Iași, Romania

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/14.1/524

Keywords:

nonword reading accuracy, word nonword reading fluency, rapid naming (RAN), word reading accuracy, word reading fluency

Abstract

This paper aims to test the predictive role of nonword reading abilities (accuracy and fluency) and rapid naming (RAN) over word reading fluency. Letter knowledge (LK) and phonological awareness (PA) for literacy were accounted for as control factors due to their ceiling effects. We test the direct impact of the main predictors and their indirect outcomes by controlling for word reading accuracy. To this end, 206 children participated and completed measures for nonword reading abilities, rapid naming, word reading accuracy, fluency, and letter knowledge, and phonological awareness. The results show that RAN and nonword reading accuracy are direct predictors of word reading accuracy. Word reading fluency is significantly associated with rapid naming. The effect of RAN, nonword reading accuracy, nonword reading fluency on word reading fluency is partially mediated by word reading accuracy. We discuss the practical implications.

References

Araújo, S., Pacheco, A., Faísca, L., Petersson, K. M., & Reis, A. (2010). Visual rapid naming and phonological abilities: Different subtypes in dyslexic children. International Journal of Psychology, 45(6), 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2010.499949

Caravolas, M., Hulme, C., & Snowling, M. J. (2001). The foundations of spelling ability: Evidence from a 3-year longitudinal study. Journal of memory and language, 45(4), 751-774. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2785

Caravolas, M., Lervåg, A., Mousikou, P., Efrim, C., Litavský, M., Onochie-Quintanilla, E., Salas, N., Schoffelova, M., Defior, S., Mikulajova, M., Seidlová-Málková, G. & Hulme, C. (2012). Common patterns of prediction of literacy development in different alphabetic orthographies. Psychological science, 23(6), 678-686. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797611434536

Catts, H. W., Fey, M. E., Zhang, X., & Tomblin, J. B. (2001). Estimating the risk of future reading difficulties in kindergarten children. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools, 32(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2001/004)

David, C., & Roșan, A. (2017). Repere diagnostice bazate pe dovezi științifice în tulburările de învățare [Scientific evidence-based diagnostic guidelines for learning disorders.]. Editura Argonaut & Limes. http://learnid.centre.ubbcluj.ro/resurse/2017_David_Rosan-Repere_diagnostice_in_TSI.pdf

David, C., Roşan, A, & Gavril, L. (2018). Reading Strategies of Romanian Readers with Dyslexia in Upper Primary Grades, Prima Educatione, 89-90. https://core.ac.uk/reader/235272600

Denckla, M. B., & Rudel, R. G. (1976). Rapid ‘automatized' naming (RAN): Dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities. Neuropsychologia, 14(4), 471-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(76)90075-0

Dragomirescu, A. (2012). Ortografia limbii române: definiţie, scurt istoric, instrumente [Romanian language spelling: definition, short history, tools]. Revista Limba română, 1-2, 56-63. https://ibn.idsi.md/sites/default/files/imag_file/Ortografia%20limbii%20romane%2056_63.pdf

Ehri, L. C. (1995). Phases of development in learning to read words by sight. Journal of research in reading, 18(2), 116-125. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9817.1995.tb00077.x

Ehri, L. C. (2014). Orthographic mapping in the acquisition of sight word reading, spelling memory, and vocabulary learning. Scientific Studies of Reading, 18(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2013.819356

Eloranta, A. K., Närhi, V. M., Eklund, K. M., Ahonen, T. P., & Aro, T. I. (2019). Resolving reading disability—Childhood predictors and adult‐age outcomes. Dyslexia, 25(1), 20-37. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1605

Foulin, J. N. (2005). Why is letter-name knowledge such a good predictor of learning to read? Reading and word reading accuracy 18(2), 129-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-004-5892-2

Fricke, S., Szczerbinski, M., Fox‐Boyer, A., & Stackhouse, J. (2016). Preschool predictors of early literacy acquisition in German‐speaking children. Reading research quarterly, 51(1), 29-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.116

Frost, R., Katz, L., & Bentin, S. (1987). Strategies for visual word recognition and orthographical depth: a multilingual comparison. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13(1), 104. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0096-1523.13.1.104

Georgiou, G. K., Parrila, R., & Papadopoulos, T. C. (2008). Predictors of word nonword reading and reading fluency across languages varying in orthographic consistency. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 566. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.100.3.566

Goswami, U. (2015). Sensory theories of developmental dyslexia: three challenges for research. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(1), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3836

Heggie, L., & Wade-Woolley, L. (2017). Reading longer words: Insights into multisyllabic word reading. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 2(1), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1044/persp2.SIG1.86

Hudson, R. F., Lane, H. B., & Pullen, P. C. (2005). Reading fluency assessment and instruction: What, why, and how?. The Reading Teacher, 58(8), 702-714. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.58.8.1

Katzir, T., Shaul, S., Breznitz, Z., & Wolf, M. (2004). The universal and the unique in dyslexia: A cross-linguistic investigation of reading and reading fluency in Hebrew-and English-speaking children with reading disorders. Reading and Word reading accuracy, 17(7-8), 739-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-004-2655-z

Kirby, J. R., Georgiou, G. K., Martinussen, R., & Parrila, R. (2010). Naming speed and reading: From prediction to instruction. Reading Research Quarterly, 45(3), 341-362. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.45.3.4

Kuhn, M. R., & Stahl, S. A. (2003). Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices. Journal of educational psychology, 95(1), 3. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED438530.pdf

Landerl, K., Frith, U., & Wimmer, H. (1996). The intrusion of orthographic knowledge on phoneme awareness: Strong in normal readers, weak in dyslexic readers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 17(1), 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400009437

Landerl, K., & Wimmer, H. (2000). Deficits in phoneme segmentation are not the core problem of dyslexia: Evidence from German and English children. Applied psycholinguistics, 21(2), 243-262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400002058

Landerl, K., & Wimmer, H. (2008). Development of word reading fluency and spelling in a consistent orthography: an 8-year follow-up. Journal of educational psychology, 100(1), 150-161. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.100.1.150

Landerl, K., Freudenthaler, H. H., Heene, M., De Jong, P. F., Desrochers, A., Manolitsis, G., Parrila, R., & Georgiou, G. K. (2019). Phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming as longitudinal predictors of reading in five alphabetic orthographies with varying degrees of consistency. Scientific Studies of Reading, 23(3), 220-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2018.1510936

Layes, S., Lalonde, R., & Rebaï, M. (2015). Reading Speed and Phonological Awareness Deficits Among Arabic‐Speaking Children with Dyslexia. Dyslexia, 21(1), 80-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1491

Lima, M., da Rosa Piccolo, L., Puntel Basso, F., Júlio-Costa, A., Lopes-Silva, J. B., Haase, V. G., & Salles, J. F. (2019). Neuropsychological and environmental predictors of reading performance in Brazilian children. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 9(3), 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2019.1575737

Logan, J. A., Schatschneider, C., & Wagner, R. K. (2011). Rapid serial naming and reading ability: The role of lexical access. Reading and Word reading accuracy, 24(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-009-9199-1

Mann, V., & Wimmer, H. (2002). Phoneme awareness and pathways into literacy: A comparison of German and American children. Reading and word reading accuracy, 15(7-8), 653-682. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020984704781

Melby-Lervåg, M., Lyster, S. A. H., & Hulme, C. (2012). Phonological skills and their role in learning to read: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 322. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0026744

Moll, K., Fussenegger, B., Willburger, E., & Landerl, K. (2009). RAN is not a measure of orthographic processing. Evidence from the asymmetric German orthography. Scientific Studies of Reading, 13(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888430802631684

Moura, O., Moreno, J., Pereira, M., & Simões, M. R. (2015). Developmental dyslexia and phonological processing in European Portuguese orthography. Dyslexia, 21(1), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1489

Mousty, P. & Leybaert, Jacqueline & Alegria, Jésus & Content, Alain & Morais, José. (1994). BELEC: Une batterie d'évaluation du langage écrit et de ses troubles. Evaluer les Troubles de la Lecture. 127-145. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285880579_BELEC_Une_batterie_d'evaluation_du_langage_ecrit_et_de_ses_troubles/citation/download

Norton, E. S., & Wolf, M. (2012). Rapid automatized naming (RAN) and reading fluency: Implications for understanding and treatment of reading disabilities. Annual review of psychology, 63, 427-452. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100431

Papadopoulos, T. C., Spanoudis, G. C., & Georgiou, G. K. (2016). How is RAN related to reading fluency? A comprehensive examination of the prominent theoretical accounts. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1217. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01217

Pasquarella, A., Chen, X., Gottardo, A., & Geva, E. (2015). Cross-language transfer of word reading accuracy and word reading fluency in Spanish-English and Chinese-English bilinguals: Script-universal and script-specific processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(1), 96. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0036966

Poulsen, M., Juul, H., & Elbro, C. (2015). Multiple mediation analysis of the relationship between rapid naming and reading. Journal of Research in Reading, 38(2), 124-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2012.01547.x

Puolakanaho, A., Ahonen, T., Aro, M., Eklund, K., Leppänen, P. H., Poikkeus, A. M., Tolvanen, A., Torppa, M., & Lyytinen, H. (2008). Developmental links of very early phonological and language skills to second-grade reading outcomes: Strong to accuracy and minor to fluency. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(4), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022219407311747

Sartori, G., Job, R., & Tressoldi, P. E. (1995). Batteria per la valutazione della dislessia e della disortografia evolutiva (Battery for assessing developmental dyslexia and disorthography). Edizioni O.S.

Scarborough, H. S. (1998). Predicting the future achievement of second graders with reading disabilities: Contributions of phonemic awareness, verbal memory, rapid naming, and IQ. Annals of Dyslexia, 48(1), 115-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-998-0006-5

Schaars, M. M., Segers, E., & Verhoeven, L. (2017). Word Decoding Development during Phonics Instruction in Children at Risk for Dyslexia. Dyslexia, 23(2), 141-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1556

Serrano, F., & Defior, S. (2008). Dyslexia speed problems in a transparent orthography. Annals of dyslexia, 58(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-008-0013-6

Seymour, P. H., Aro, M., Erskine, J. M., & Collaboration with COST Action A8 Network. (2003). Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies. British Journal of Psychology, 94(2), 143-174. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712603321661859

Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2020). Annual Research Review: Reading disorders revisited–the critical importance of oral language. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13324

Stuart, M., & Coltheart, M. (1988). Does reading develop in a sequence of stages? Cognition, 30(2), 139-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(88)90038-8

Sunde, K., Furnes, B., & Lundetræ, K. (2020). Does Introducing the Letters Faster Boost the Development of Children's Letter Knowledge, Word Reading, and Spelling in the First Year of School?. Scientific Studies of Reading, 24(2), 141-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2019.1615491

Taub, G. E., & Szente, J. (2012). The impact of rapid automatized naming and phonological awareness on the reading fluency of a minority student population. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 26(4), 359-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2012.712084

Tilanus, E. A., Segers, E., & Verhoeven, L. (2013). Diagnostic profiles of children with developmental dyslexia in a transparent orthography. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 4194-4202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.039

Tong, X., McBride, C., Lo, J. C. M., & Shu, H. (2017). A three‐year longitudinal study of reading and spelling difficulty in Chinese developmental dyslexia: The matter of morphological awareness. Dyslexia, 23(4), 372-386. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1564

Toste, J. R., Williams, K. J., & Capin, P. (2017). Reading big words: Instructional practices to promote multisyllabic word reading fluency. Intervention in School and Clinic, 52(5), 270-278. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1053451216676797

Vaessen, A., Bertrand, D., Tóth, D., Csépe, V., Faísca, L., Reis, A., & Blomert, L. (2010). The cognitive development of fluent word reading does not qualitatively differ between transparent and opaque orthographies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(4), 827. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0019465

Wimmer, H., & Goswami, U. (1994). The influence of orthographic consistency on reading development: Word recognition in English and German children. Cognition, 51(1), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90010-8

Wimmer, H., & Mayringer, H. (2002). Dysfluent reading in the absence of spelling difficulties: A specific disability in regular orthographies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 272. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.94.2.272

Wimmer, H., & Schurz, M. (2010). Dyslexia in regular orthographies: manifestation and causation. Dyslexia, 16(4), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.411

Wolf, M., Bowers, P. G., & Biddle, K. (2000). Naming-speed processes, timing, and reading: A conceptual review. Journal of learning disabilities, 33(4), 387-407. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002221940003300409

Ziegler, J. C., & Goswami, U. (2005). Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: a psycholinguistic grain size theory. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 3. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2004-22408-001

Ziegler, J. C., Bertrand, D., Tóth, D., Csépe, V., Reis, A., Faísca, L., Saine, N., Lyytinen, H., Vaessen, A., & Blomert, L. (2010). The orthographic depth and its impact on universal predictors of reading: A cross-language investigation. Psychological science, 21(4), 551-559. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797610363406

Downloads

Published

2022-02-09

How to Cite

Tiron, K., Gherguț, A., Roșan, A. M., & Bostan, C. M. (2022). Word Reading Accuracy as a Mediator for Fluency. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 14(1), 370-387. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/14.1/524