Educational Insights from the Retrospective Analysis of an Annual Training Cycle: Case Study of a Slovak Swimmer’s Preparation for the 2023 World Championship in Fukuoka
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/17.1/956Keywords:
performance, training cycle, swimmer, training variablesAbstract
The elite swimmer of the Slovak Republic (T.P.), a participant in the 2023 World Swimming Championships in Fukuoka, has since 2012 recorded a gradual increase in performance in the swimming disciplines of 400 m freestyle with a resulting time of 3:49.03 (795 points, SCM) and 800 m freestyle with a resulting with a time of 8:12.87 (771 points, LCM). From the point of view of the annual training macrocycle of ATC 2023, he achieved his best sports performances in the 400m freestyle with a final time of 3:53.88 (747 points, SCM) and in the 800m freestyle with a fi-nal time of 8:07.68 (751 points, SCM). We identified the general and special training variables that were most closely related to the swimmer's athletic performance through a retrospective analysis. For interaction identification and prediction, we applied non-parametric techniques (CHAID de-cision trees and Spearman's correlation coefficient). The available data was analyzed using the technique to examine at the swimmers' workout records from the ATC 2023 annual training cycle. The available data, which include the volume of race pace (STI 105), elemental arm swimming (STI 106), and volume of anaerobic endurance (STI 104), as well as the number of starts (GTI 112) and training units (GTI 111), were analyzed by looking at the swimmers' training diaries from the ATC 2023 annual training cycle.
References
Amara, S., Hammami, R., Zacca, R., Mota, J., Negra, Y., & Chortane, S. G. (2023) The effect of combining HIIT and dry-land training on strength, technique, and 100-m butterfly swimming performance in age-group swimmers: a randomized controlled trial. Biololgy of Sport, 40(1), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.110747
Bachelor, F. A. R., de Carvalho, C. D., Andreossi, J. C., Miranda, D. R. M., & Papoti, M. (2023). Effects of training and taper on neuromuscular fatigue profile on 100-m swimming performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(5), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1841-3081
Bompa, O. T., & Haff, G. G. (2009) Periodization: Theory and methodology of training (5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
Bonifazi, M., Sardella, F., & Lupo, C. (2000). Preparatory versus main competitions: differences in performances, lactate responses and pre-competition plasma cortisol concentrations in elite male swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(5–6), 368–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210000230
Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C.J. (1984) Classification and regression trees. Chapman and Hall. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315139470
Camp, N.J., Slattery, M.L. (2002). Classification tree analysis: a statistical tool to investigate risk factor interactions with an example for colon cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 13, 813–823 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020611416907
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
De Martino, I., & Rodeo, S. A. (2018). The swimmer’s shoulder: multi-directional instability. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 11(2), 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-018-9485-0
Finney, J. (2003). How they train: Four days of workouts with Grant Hackett and Michael Phelps. Swim news, 276, 38 - 39.
González-Ravé, J. M., Pyne, D. B., Del Castillo, J. A., González-Mohíno, F., & Stone, M. E. (2021) Training periodization for a world-class 400 meters individual medley swimmer. Biology of Sport, 39(4), 883–888. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2022.109954
Hellard, P., Avalos-Fernandes, M., Lefort, G., Pla, R., Mujika, I., Toussaint, J., & Pyne, D. B. (2019) Elite swimmers’ training patterns in the 25 weeks prior to their season’s best performances: Insights into Periodization from a 20-Years cohort. Frontiers in Physiology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00363
Hermosilla, F., González-Ravé, J. M., Del Castillo, J. A., & Pyne, D. B. (2021) Periodization and Programming for Individual 400 m Medley Swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12),6474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126474
Chatard, C. J., & Stewart, M. A. (2011) Training load and performance in swimming. In L. Seifert, D. Chollet & I. Mujika (eds.). World Book of Swimming: From Science to Performance. (Chapter 18, pp. 359–373). Nova Science Publishers, Inc. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/id/eprint/8709
Chortane, O. G., Amara, S., Barbosa, T. M., Hammami, R., Khalifa, R., & Chortane, S. G. (2022) Effect of high-volume training on psychological state and performance in competitive swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13) 7619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137619
Krčková, R. (2013) Training and performance of swimmers of international level in the category of juniors, seniors and masters. Dspace.cuni.cz. https://dspace.cuni.cz/handle/20.500.11956/55611
Lehmann, E.L. (2006) Nonparametrics: Statistical Methods Based on Ranks. Springer
Maglischo, E. W. (2003). Swimming Fastest. The essential reference on technique, training, and program design. Human Kinetics
Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A. C., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D. C., Raglin, J. S., Rietjens, G., Steinacker, J. M., & Urhausen, A. (2013) Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(1), 186–205. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318279a10a
Mitrenga, P. (2006). Čtyřletý olympijský cyklus vrcholového plavce [The Four-Year Olympic Cycle of a Top Performance Swimmer]. Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta tělesné výchovy a sportu, http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956/7619
Monteiro, A. S., Magalhães, J. F., Knechtle, B., Buzzachera, C. F., Vilas-Boas, J. P., & Fernandes, R. J. (2023) Acute ventilatory responses to swimming at increasing intensities. PeerJ, 11:e15042. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15042
Mujika, I., Padilla, S., & Pyne, D. B. (2002) Swimming performance changes during the final 3 weeks of training leading to the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(8), 582–587. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-35526
Nugent, J. F., Comyns, M. T., Burrows, E., & Warrington, D. G. (2017) Effects of low-volume, high-intensity training on performance in competitive swimmers: a systematic review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31(3). 837-847. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001583
Pla, R., Meur, Y. L., Aubry, A., Toussaint, J., & Hellard, P. (2019) Effects of a 6-Week period of polarized or threshold training on performance and fatigue in elite swimmers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(2), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0179
Platonov, V. (2019). Тhеоry of periodization of elite athlete preparation during a year: prerequisites, formation, criticism. Science in Olympic Sport, 118-137.
Pollock, S., Gaoua, N., Johnston, M. J., Cooke, K., Girard, O., & Mileva, K. N. (2019). Training regimes and recovery monitoring practices of elite British swimmers. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 18(3), 577–585. https://www.jssm.org/jssm-18-577.xml%3EFulltext
Ravé, J. M. G., González-Mohíno, F., Rodrigo-Carranza, V., & Pyne, D. B. (2022) Reverse periodization for improving sports performance: A systematic review. Sports Medicine - Open, 8(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00445-8
Solonenco, G., Stepanova, N., Onoi, M., & Viorel, D. (2021) Analysis of training programs of the performance swimmers within the basic macrocycle of the annual training cycle. Ştiinţa Culturii Fizice, 35/1. https://doi.org/10.52449/1857-4114.2020.35-1.09
Stone, M. J., Knight, C. J., Hall, R., Shearer, C., Nicholas, R., & Shearer, D. A. (2023) The psychology of athletic tapering in sport: a scoping review. Sports Medicine, 53, 777–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01798-6
Vaňková, K. (2010) Analysis of the training diary of an elite swimmer. Publisher Palacký University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture.
Yang, C. K., Hsu, Y. C., & Chang, C. K. (2024). Pacing strategies in elite individual-medley swimmers: a decision-tree approach. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 19(8), 747–756. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2023-0447
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 The Authors & InManifest Network
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant this journalright of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work, with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g. post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g. in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as an earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala Journal has an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
CC BY-NC-ND
