The Impact of Perceived Corporate Reputation of Sport Clubs on Social Media Usage: a Study with the Lenses of Social Capital

Authors

  • Emel Esen Yıldız Technical University
  • Seçil Taştan Marmara University
  • Nihan Degercan Yıldız Technical University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18662/po/12.3/344

Keywords:

Corporate reputation, Social media, Sport club, Stakeholder theory, Social capital theory

Abstract

Technological developments and changes in communication systems in postmodern world have enhanced the organizations to improve their own communication infrastructures and to effectively use their internet sites. Like all other organizations, sport club institutions have considered the vital importance of investing in social media activities and creating their corporate reputation through their connections with their supporters. Thus, social media channels and public relations via social media have been the most essential tools of the organizations to build company image and increase their corporate reputation among the stakeholder groups, particularly their supporters. Taking into account the suggested influence of effective use of social media on building corporate reputation, the current study examined the relationship between supporters’ social media usage frequency and their perceptions of corporate reputation. A cross-sectional research design has been applied in order to obtain data about the corporate reputation perception levels and social media usage frequencies of the supporters as well as the demographic characteristics of the participants. The sample group was composed of 782 participants and data obtained was examined by executing statistical analyses. The findings revealed that individuals’ social media usage frequency has positive effect on the perceived corporate reputation. In addition, demographic differences were observed in terms of the social media usage frequency and corporate reputation perception. Consequently, the results of the study were discussed in the light of the conceptual background and the previous empirical evidences. The managerial and conceptual implications of the study were evaluated and future directions were presented.

Author Biographies

Emel Esen, Yıldız Technical University

Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Sub-Department of Organizational Behavior

 

Seçil Taştan, Marmara University

Assoc. Prof. Dr., Marmara University, Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Business Administration (English), Sub-Department of Organizational Behavior

Nihan Degercan , Yıldız Technical University

Yıldız Technical University, Social Sciences Institute Doctorate Student

References

Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., & Reid, I. (2013). Relationship Marketing and Social Media in Sport. International Journal of Sport Communication, 6(2), 120–142, https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.6.2.120.

Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., & Seguin, B. (2019). Social media in relationship marketing: The perspective of professional sport managers in the MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL. Communication & Sport, 7(1), 80-109, https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479517740343.

Aguinis, H. (2011). “Organizational responsibility: doing good and doing well,” in APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 3, ed. S. Zedeck (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 855–879.

Akar, E. (2011). Sosyal medya pazarlaması, sosyal web’de pazarlama stratejisi. Ankara: Efil Publishing.

Al Amin, M., Nowsin, N., Hossain, I., & Bala, T. (2020). Impact of social media on consumer buying behaviour through online value proposition: A study on e-commerce business in Bangladesh. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 19(5), 1-18.

Anderson, C., & Shirako, A. (2008). Are individuals' reputations related to their history of behavior?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 320-333

Aupperle, K. E., Carroll, A. B., Hatfield. J.D., (1985). An empirical examination of the relationship 590 between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy of Management Journal, 28(2), 446-463. https://doi.org/10.5465/256210

Avcı, K. (2018). Physicians’ social media use and ethics. Turkish Journal of Public Health. 16(1). 48-57. 10.20518/tjph.458202

Barnea, A., & Rubin, A. (2010). Corporate social responsibility as a conflict between shareholders. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(1), 71-86. 10.1007/s10551-010-0496-z

Barnett, M. L., & Pollock, T. G. (Eds.). (2012). The Oxford handbook of corporate reputation. U.K.: Oxford University Press.

Barnett, M. L., Jermier, J. M., & Lafferty, B. A. (2006). Corporate reputation: The definitional landscape. Corporate Reputation Review, 9(1), 26-38. 10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550012

Basu, S., Phelps, C., & Kotha, S. (2011). Towards understanding who makes corporate venture capital investments and why. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(2), 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.07.001

Becker, K., & Lee, J. W. (2019). Organizational usage of social media for corporate reputation management. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 6(1), 231-240. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no1.231

Bennett, R., & Kottasz, R. (2000). Practitioner perceptions of corporate reputation: an empirical investigation. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 5(4), 224-234.

Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., & Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing Meets Web 2.0, Social Media, and Creative Consumers: Implications for International Marketing Strategy. Business Horizons. 55(3). 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.01.007.

Blumrodt, J., Bryson, D., & Flanagan, J. (2012). European football teams' CSR engagement impacts on customer‐based brand equity. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 7(2), 1-20.

Brammer, S. J., & Pavelin, S. (2006). Corporate reputation and social performance: The importance of fit. Journal of Management Studies, 43(3), 435-455.

Caruana, A., & Ewing, M. T. (2010). How corporate reputation, quality, and value influence online loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 63(9-10), 1103-1110.

Castro, G., Lopez, J. N. and Saez, P. L. (2006). Business and Social Reputation: Exploring the Concept and Main Dimensions of Corporate Reputation, Journal of Business Ethics, 63(4), 361-370.

Cengiz, R., & Taşmektepligil, M. Y. (2016). Spor üzerine sosyolojik bir çözümleme: Spor merkezleri (Samsun örneği). Akademik Bakış International Refereed Social Sciences Journal, (56), 220-240.

Chun, R. (2005). Corporate reputation: Meaning and measurement. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7(2), 91-109.

Constantinides, E., & Fountain, S. (2008). Web 2.0: Conceptual foundations and marketing issues. Journal of Direct Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 9(3), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.dddmp.4350098

Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2015). A stage to engage: Social media use and corporate reputation. Tourism Management, 47, 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.005

Drobis, D. (2000 ). Public relations: Priorities in the real economy. Vital Speeches of the Day, 67 (1), 15 – 19.

Dunbar, R. I. M. (2004). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Review of General Psychology, 8, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.100

Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., & Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating social resources on social network sites: Facebook relationship maintenance behaviors and their role in social capital processes. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 19 (4), 855-870.

Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Steinfield, C., Gray, R., & Lampe, C. (2011). Negotiating privacy concerns and social capital needs in a social media environment. Privacy Online. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 19-32.

Erkul, E. (2009). Sosyal medya araçlarının kamu hizmetleri ve uygulamalarında kullanılabilirliği. Türkiye Bilişim Derneği, 116, 96-101.

Esen, E. 2011. The role of trust on the relationship between organizational engagement and corporate reputation. Marmara University, Social Sciences Institute, Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation, Istanbul.

Etter, M., Ravasi, D., & Colleoni, E. (2019). Social media and the formation of organizational reputation. Academy of Management Review, 44(1), 28-52. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0280

Fisher, E. (2009). Flight or fancy. Sports Business Journal, June, 1-8.

Fombrun C. (1996). Reputation: Realizing Value from the Corporate Image. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.

Fombrun, C. (2012). Corporate reputation: Definitions, antecedents, consequences (pp. 94-113). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Fombrun, C. J., & Gardberg, N. (2000). Who's tops in corporate reputation?. Corporate Reputation Review, 3(1), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540095

Fombrun, C. J., & Van Riel, C M. B (1997). The Reputational Landscape. Corporate Reputation Review, 1, 5-13. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540024

Fombrun, C. J., Gardberg, N. A., & Sever, J. M. (2000). The Reputation Quotient SM: A multi-stakeholder measure of corporate reputation. Journal of Brand Management, 7(4). 241-255. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2000.10

Fombrun, C. J., Ponzi, L. J., & Newburry, W. (2015). Stakeholder tracking and analysis: The RepTrak® system for measuring corporate reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 18(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2014.21.

Gammelsæter, H. (2017). Media visibility and place reputation: does sport make a difference?. Journal of Place Management and Development, 10(3), 288-298.

Ghauri, P., Grønhaug, K., & Kristianslund, I. (2005). Research in Business Studies: A practical guide. U.S.A.: Prentice Hall.

Gotsi, M., & Wilson, A. M. (2001). Corporate reputation: seeking a definition. Corporate communications: An ınternational Journal, 6(1), 24-30.

Graffin, S., Pfarrer, M., & Hill, M. 2012. Untangling executive reputation and corporate reputation: Who made who? In M. L. Barnett, & T. G. Pollock (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Reputation: 221-239. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

Gray, E. R., & Balmer, J. M. (1998). Managing corporate image and corporate reputation. Long Range Planning, 31(5), 695-702.

Grover, P., Kar, A. K., & Ilavarasan, P. V. (2019). Impact of corporate social responsibility on reputation—Insights from tweets on sustainable development goals by CEOs. International Journal of Information Management, 48, 39-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.009

Guo, Y., Fan, D., & Zhang, X. (2020). Social media–based customer service and firm reputation. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-04-2019-0315

Halff, G. (2013). The presentation of CEOs in economic downturn, Corporate Reputation Review, 16(3), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2013.13

Halpern, P. (2001). Implicit claims: The role of corporate reputation in value creation. Corporate Reputation Review, 4(1), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540131

Hamil, S., Walters, G., & Watson, L. (2010). The model of governance at FC Barcelona: balancing member democracy, commercial strategy, corporate social responsibility and sporting performance. Soccer & Society, 11(4), 475-504.

Hannington, T. (2016). How to measure and manage your corporate reputation, U.K.: Routledge.

Hong, P., Dobrzykowski, D., Park, Y. W., Lee, J., & Roh, J. J. (2012). Revisiting corporate reputation and firm performance link. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 4(4), 1-17.

https://wearesocial.com/digital-2021, “We Are Social Digital”, Retrieved: 14.02.2021.

https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1146722/twitter-users-worldwide. Retrived: 03.01.2021.

Hughes, D. J., Rowe, M., Batey, M., & Lee, A. (2012). A tale of two sites: Twitter vs. Facebook and the personality predictors of social media usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.001

Hur, W. M., Kim, H., & Woo, J. (2014). How CSR leads to corporate brand equity: Mediating mechanisms of corporate brand credibility and reputation. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(1), 75-86.

Islam, Z. M., Ahmed, S. U., & Hasan, I. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance linkage: Evidence from the banking sector of Bangladesh. Journal of Organizational Management, 1(1), 14-21.

Ji, Y. G., Li, C., North, M., & Liu, J. (2017). Staking reputation on stakeholders: How does stakeholders’ Facebook engagement help or ruin a company’s reputation?. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.12.004

Jinfeng, L., Runtian, J. I. N. G., & Qian, C. A. O. (2014). Antecedents of corporate reputation and customer citizenship behavior: evidence from China. International Business and Management, 9(1), 128-132.

Jung, E. H., Walden, J., Johnson, A. C., & Sundar, S. S. (2017). Social networking in the aging context: Why older adults use or avoid Facebook. Telematics and Informatics, 34(7), 1071-1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.04.015

Kadıbeşegil S. (2006). İtibar Yönetimi. İstanbul: MediaCat Publishing.

Kandil G, İ. E., Arar, T., & Uysal, B. (2017). Kurumsal itibar kavramı ve hisse senedi fiyatlarına etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Journal of Accounting & Finance, 74 (4), 1-21.

Kanji, G. K., & Chopra, P. K. (2010). Corporate social responsibility in a global economy. Total Quality Management, 21(2), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360903549808

Kaplan, M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003

Kassing, J. W., & Sanderson, J. (2010). Fan–athlete interaction and Twitter tweeting through the Giro: A case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(1), 113-128. 10.1080/14783360903549808

Kim, J., Huang-Baesecke, C. F., Yang, S., & Grunig, J. E. (2013). A strategic management approach to reputation, relationships, and publics: The research heritage of the Excellence Theory. In C. Carroll (Ed.), The handbook of communication and corporate reputation (pp. 197–212). Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.

Kobak, K., & Biçer, S. (2008). Facebook sosyal paylaşım sitesinin kullanım nedenleri. 8. International Education Technologies Conference, (ss.567-571), Eskişehir.

Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: Doing the most good for your company and your cause. John Wiley & Sons.

Lammi, M., & Pantzar, M. (2019). The data economy: How technological change has altered the role of the citizen-consumer. Technology in Society, 59, 101157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101157

Lange, D., Lee, P. M., & Dai, Y. (2011). Organizational reputation: A review. Journal of Management, 37(1), 153-184.

Laufer, D., & Coombs, W. T. (2006). How should a company respond to a product harm crisis? The role of corporate reputation and consumer-based cues. Business Horizon, 49, 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2006.01.002

Leaniz, P. M. G., & Bosque, I. R. (2013). Intellectual capital and relational capital: The role of sustainability in developing corporate reputation. Intangible Capital, 9(1), 262-280.

Lee, Jooh.- Roh, & James Jungbae. (2012). Revisiting Corporate Reputation and Firm Performance Link. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 19 (4/5), 649-664. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635771211258061

Lewellyn, P. G. (2002). Corporate reputation: Focusing the zeitgeist. Business & Society, 41(4), 446-455.

Li, Z. (2016). Psychological empowerment on social media: Who are the empowered users? Public Relations Review, 42(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.09.001

Love, E. G., Lim, J., & Bednar, M. K. (2017). The face of the firm: The influence of CEOs on corporate reputation. Academy of Management Journal, 60(4), 1462-1481. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0862

Luoma-aho, V. (2013). Corporate reputation and the theory of social capital. The handbook of communication and Corporate Reputation, 279-290.

Maltese, L., Pons, F., & Prévot, F. (2017). Managing e-reputation and key stakeholders in the context of sport expressive organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 47(1), 88-105.

Mangold, G., & Faulds, D. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business Horizons, 52(4), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.03.002

Matuleviciene, M., & Stravinskiene, J. (2015). The Importance of Stakeholders for Corporate Reputation. Engineering Economics, 26(1), 75-83. 10.5755/j01.ee.26.1.6921

McWilliams A, & Siegel D. (2000). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: correlation or misspecification? Strategic Management Journal, 21(5), 603–609.

Miles, M . P., & Covin, J . G. (2000). Environmental marketing: A source of reputational, competitive, and financial advantage, Journal of Business Ethics, 23 (3), 299–312. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006214509281.

Nakra, P. (2000). Corporate Reputation Management: CRM with a Strategic Twist? Public Relations Quarterly, 45(2), 35-42.

Olegario, R., & McKenna C. (2013). Introduction: Corporate Reputation in Historical Perspective. Business History Review, 87, 643-654.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680513001074.

Özgen, Ö., & Elmasoğlu, K. (2016). Sosyal Medya ve Marka İletişimi: Havayolu Şirketlerinin Twitter Kullanımına Yönelik Bir Araştırma. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, (43).

Paulraj, A. (2011). Understanding the relationships between internal resources and capabilities, sustainable supply management and organizational sustainability. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 47(1), 19-37.

Preston, L. E. (2004). Reputation as a source of corporate social capital. Journal of General Management, 30(2), 43-50.

Puglisi, V., & Baiardi, L. (2019). Sports facilities: The transition from Tthe “Cost System” Model to the “Revenue System” Model. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 471, No. 2, p. 022037). U.S.A.: IOP Publishing.

Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Pütter, M. (2017). The impact of social media on consumer buying intention. Marketing, 3(1), 7-13. 10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.31.3001

Rindova, V. P., & Fombrun, C. J. (1999). Constructing competitive advantage: the role of firm–constituent interactions. Strategic Management Journal, 20(8), 691-710.

Roberts, P. W., & Dowling, G. R. (2002). Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1077-1093. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.274

Rose, C., & Thomsen, S. (2004). The impact of corporate reputation on performance: Some Danish evidence. European Management Journal, 22(2), 201-210.

Şardağı E., & Bayçu, S. (2018). İtibar oluşumunda medyada görünürlük: bankalar üzerine bir araştırma. Erciyes University Communication Faculty Journal. 5(3). 108-122. 10.17680/erciyesakademia.345468.

Scott, Susan V., & Geoff W. (2005). Reconceptualizing and managing reputation risk in the knowledge economy: Toward reputable action. Organization Science. 16(3), 308-322. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0127.

Sheth, H., & Babiak, K. M. (2010). Beyond the game: Perceptions and practices of corporate social responsibility in the professional sport industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 91(3), 433-450.

Steinfield, C., Ellison, N., Lampe, C., & Vitak, J. (2012). Online social network sites and the concept of social capital. Frontiers in New Media Research, 15, 115-125.

Thackeray, R., Neiger, B., Hanson, C., & McKenzie, J. (2008). Enhancing promotional strategies within social marketing programs: Use of Web 2.0 social media. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4), 338–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908325335

Thakur, R., & Hale, D. (2013). Service innovation: A comparative study of US and Indian service firms. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 1108-1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.03.007

Theodorakis, N. D., Dimmock, J., Wann, D., & Barlas, A. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the team identification scale among Greek sport fans: A cross-validation approach. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(3), 289-305.

Thielmann, T. (2019). The ENIAC Display: Insignia of a Digital Praxeology. In Exploring the Early Digital (pp. 101-116). Springer, Cham.

Tripp, T. M., & Gregoire, Y. (2011). When unhappy customers strike back on the Internet. MIT Sloan Management Review, 52(3), 37-44.

Twitter, https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/events/2018/2018-World-Cup-Insights.html, Retrieved: 14.02.2021.

Twitter, https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2017/Giving-you-more-characters-to-express-yourself.html, Retrieved: 03.01.2021.

Uğurlu, S. (2017). Yeni Medya'da Stratejik İletişim Yönetimi. İstanbul: Beta Publishing.

Van Der Merwe, A. W., & Puth, G. (2014). Towards a conceptual model of the relationship between corporate trust and corporate reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 17(2), 138-156.

Van Noort, G., & Willemsen, L. M. (2011). Online damage control: the effects of proactive versus reactive web care interventions in consumer-generated and brand-generated platforms. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26(3), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2011.07.001.

Walker, M., & Kent, A. (2009). Do fans care? Assessing the influence of corporate social responsibility on consumer attitudes in the sport industry. Journal of Sport Management, 23(6), 743-769.

Walsh, G., Mitchell, V. W., Jackson, P. R., & Beatty, S. E. (2009). Examining the antecedents and consequences of corporate reputation: A customer perspective. British Journal of Management, 20(2), 187-203.

Walters, G., & Chadwick, S. (2009). Corporate citizenship in football: Delivering strategic benefits through stakeholder engagement. Management Decision, 47(1), 51-66.

Wann, D. L., Weaver, S., Belva, B., Ladd, S., & Armstrong, S. (2015). Investigating the impact of team identification on the willingness to commit verbal and physical aggression by youth baseball spectators. Journal of Amateur Sport, 1(1), 1-28.

Weiss AM, Anderson E, & Maclnnis DJ. (1999). Reputation management as a motivation for sales structure decisions. Journal of Marketing, 63, 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2011.07.001

Yang, S. (2007). An integrated model for organization—Public relational outcomes, organizational reputation, and their antecedents. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(2), 91–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260701290612

Yang, S., & Grunig, J. E. (2005). Decomposing organizational reputation: the effects of organization-public relationship outcomes on cognitive representations of organizations and evaluations of organizational performance. Journal of Communication Management, 9(4), 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540510621623

Zinko, R., Gentry, W. A., Hall, A., & Grant, G. L. (2012). Reputational change among managers. Journal of Managerial Issues, 9(26), 1-26.

Downloads

Published

2021-08-10

How to Cite

Esen, E. ., Taştan, S. ., & Degercan , N. . (2021). The Impact of Perceived Corporate Reputation of Sport Clubs on Social Media Usage: a Study with the Lenses of Social Capital. Postmodern Openings, 12(3), 350-383. https://doi.org/10.18662/po/12.3/344

Issue

Section

Research Articles